In otherWest Germanic languages, its name is monosyllabic: GermanWe/veː/, Dutchwee/ʋeː/. InPolish is called "wu" (as "v" and "u"). In many languages, its name literally means "double v": Portugueseduplo vê,[in 2] Spanishdoble ve (though it can be spelleduve doble),[4][in 3] Frenchdouble vé,Icelandictvöfalt vaff,Czechdvojité vé,Estoniankaksisvee,Finnishkaksois-vee, etc.
This cursive 'w' was popular in calligraphy of the eighteenth century;[5][6] a late appearance in a font ofc. 1816.[7]
Theclassical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the "W" character. The "W" sounds were represented by the Latin letter "V" (at the time, not yet distinct from "U").
TheGermanic/w/ phoneme was, therefore, written as⟨VV⟩ or⟨uu⟩ (⟨u⟩ and⟨v⟩ becoming distinct only by theEarly Modern period) by the earliest writers ofOld English andOld High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries.[8]Gothic (notLatin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the GreekΥ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph⟨VV⟩/⟨uu⟩ was also used inMedieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones likeWamba.
It is from this⟨uu⟩digraph that the modern name "double U" derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the/w/ sound soon came to be represented by borrowing therune⟨ᚹ⟩, adapted as the Latin letterwynn:⟨ƿ⟩. In earlyMiddle English, following the 11th-centuryNorman Conquest,⟨uu⟩ regained popularity; by 1300, it had taken wynn's place in common use.
Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear, for instance, in the "running text" (in Latin) of theBayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS and VVILLELMVS (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation (common inroundhand,kurrent andblackletter) takes the form of an⟨n⟩ whose rightmost branch curved around, as in a cursive⟨v⟩ (viz.)[5][6] It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.[in 4]
Thus, the shift from the digraph⟨VV⟩ to the distinct ligature⟨W⟩ was gradual and was only apparent inabecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in bothMiddle English andMiddle German orthography. However, it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed byValentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:
Poorw is so infamous and unknown that many barely know either its name or its shape, not those who aspire to being Latinists, as they have no need of it, nor do the Germans, not even the schoolmasters, know what to do with it or how to call it; some call itwe, [... others] call ituu, [...] theSwabians call itauwawau[9]
InMiddle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme/w/ became realized as[v]; this is why, today, the German⟨w⟩ represents that sound.
English uses⟨w⟩ to represent/w/. There are also a number of words beginning with a written⟨w⟩ that issilent in most dialects before a (pronounced)⟨r⟩, remaining from usage inOld English in which the⟨w⟩ was pronounced:wreak,wrap,wreck,wrench,wroth,wrinkle, etc. Certain dialects ofScottish English still distinguish this digraph.⟨w⟩ represents a vowel sound,/oʊ/, in the wordpwn, and in the Welsh loanwordscwm andcrwth, it retains the Welsh pronunciation,/ʊ/.⟨w⟩ is also used in digraphs:⟨aw⟩/ɔː/,⟨ew⟩/(j)uː/,⟨ow⟩/aʊ,oʊ/, wherein it is usually an orthographicallograph of⟨u⟩ in final positions. It is thefifteenth most frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 2.56% in words.
Other languages
In Europe languages with⟨w⟩ in native words are in a central-western European zone between Cornwall and Poland: English,German,Low German,Dutch,Frisian,Welsh,Cornish,Breton,Walloon,Polish,Kashubian,Sorbian,Wymysorys,Resian andScandinavian dialects. German, Polish, Wymysorys and Kashubian use it for thevoiced labiodental fricative/v/ (with Polish, related Kashubian and Wymysorys usingŁ for/w/, except in conservative and some eastern Polish speech, where Ł still represents thedark L sound.), and Dutch uses it for/ʋ/. Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used inWelsh andCornish to represent the vowel/u/ as well as the related approximant consonant/w/.
A 1693 book printing that uses the "double u" alongside the modern letter; this was acceptable if printers did not have the letter in stock or the font had been made without it.
Titlepage of the first edition of theKalevala, 1835
In Swedish and Finnish, traces of this old usage may still be found in proper names. InHungarian remains in some aristocratic surnames, e.g.Wesselényi.
ModernGerman dialects generally have only[v] or[ʋ] for West Germanic/w/, but[w] or[β̞] is still heard allophonically for⟨w⟩, especially in the clusters⟨schw⟩,⟨zw⟩, and⟨qu⟩. Some Bavarian dialects preserve a "light" initial[w], such as inwuoz (Standard Germanweiß[vaɪs] '[I] know'). The Classical Latin[β] is heard in the Southern German greetingServus ('hello' or 'goodbye').
InDutch,⟨w⟩ became alabiodental approximant/ʋ/ (with the exception of words with -⟨eeuw⟩, which have/eːβ/, or other diphthongs containing -⟨uw⟩). In many Dutch-speaking areas, such asFlanders andSuriname, the/β/ pronunciation (or in some areas a/ɥ/ pronunciation, e.g. Belgian-Dutchwater/'ɥaːtər/ "water",wit/ɥɪt/ "white",eeuw/eːɥ/ "century", etc.) is used at all times.
InFinnish,⟨w⟩ is sometimes seen as a variant of⟨v⟩ and not a separate letter, but it is a part of the official alphabet. It is, however, recognized and maintained in the spelling of some old names, reflecting an earlier German spelling standard, and in some modern loan words. In all cases, it is pronounced/ʋ/. The title of the first edition of theKalevala was spelledKalewala.
InDanish,Norwegian andSwedish,⟨w⟩ is named double-v and not double-u. In these languages, the letter only exists in old names, loanwords and foreign words. (Foreign words are distinguished from loanwords by having a significantly lower level of integration in the language.) It is usually pronounced/v/, but in some words of English origin, it may be pronounced/w/.[11][12] The letter was officially introduced in the Danish and Swedish alphabets as late as 1980 and 2006, respectively, despite having been in use for much longer. It had been recognized since the conception of modern Norwegian with the earliest official orthography rules of 1907.[13]⟨W⟩ was earlier seen as a variant of⟨v⟩, and⟨w⟩ as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by⟨v⟩ in speech (e.g.WC being pronounced asVC,www asVVV,WHO asVHO, etc.). The two letters were sorted as equals before⟨w⟩ was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden.[14] In modern slang, some native speakers may pronounce⟨w⟩ more closely to the origin of the loanword than the official/v/ pronunciation.
Multiple dialects of Swedish and Danish use the sound, however. In Denmark, notably inJutland, the northern half uses it extensively intraditional dialect, and in multiple places in Sweden. It is used in southern Swedish; for example, the words "wesp" (wisp) and "wann" (water) are traditionally used inHalland.[15] In northern and western Sweden, there are also dialects with/w/.Elfdalian is a good example, which is one of many dialects where theOld Norse difference between v (/w/) and f (/v/ or/f/) is preserved. Thus, "warg" from Old Norse "vargr", but "åvå" from Old Norse "hafa".
In the alphabets of most modern Romance languages,⟨w⟩ is used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed (Italianil watt, Spanishel kiwi). In Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese,[w] is a non-syllabic variant of/u/, spelled⟨u⟩. In French,⟨w⟩ is also used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed such aswagon orweek(-)end, but in the first case it is pronounced[v] (because of its German origin; except in Belgium, where it is pronounced [w]) and in the second[w]. In most northern French dialects, the former⟨w⟩ turned finally to⟨v⟩, but still exists as a remnant in the place-names ofRomance Flanders,Picardie,Artois,Champagne,Romance Lorraine and sometimes elsewhere (Normandy,Île-de-France), and in the surnames from the same regions. Walloon as it sounds conserves the⟨w⟩ pronounced[w]. The digraph⟨ou⟩ is used to render⟨w⟩ in rare French words such asouest "west" and to spell Arabic names transliterated-wi in English, but-oui in French (compare Arabic surnameBadawi / Badaoui). In all these languages, as in Scandinavian languages mentioned above, the letter is named "double v" (French/dubləve/, Spanish/'dɔble'uβe/) though in Belgium the name/we/ is also used.
InIndonesian, the letter "w" is calledwé. The letter names in Indonesian are always the same with the sounds they produce, especially the consonants.
TheJapanese language uses "W", pronounceddaburu, as an ideogram meaning "double".[16] It is also used in internet slang to indicate laughter (likeLOL), derived from the wordwarau (笑う, meaning "to laugh").
In Italian, while the letter⟨w⟩ is not considered part of the standardItalian alphabet, the character is often used in place ofViva (hooray for...), generally in the form in which the branches of the Vs cross in the middle, at least inhandwriting (in fact, it could be considered amonogram).[17] The same symbol written upside down indicatesabbasso (down with...).
In Turkey, the use of the⟨w⟩ was banned between 1928 and 2013[18][19] which was a problem for theKurdish population in Turkey as the⟨w⟩ was a letter of theKurdish alphabet.[20] The use of the letter⟨w⟩ in the wordNewroz, the Kurdish new year, was forbidden,[21] and names which included the letter were not able to be used.[18][22] In 2008, a court inGaziantep reasoned the use of the letter⟨w⟩ would incite civil unrest.[21]
InWasho, lower-case⟨w⟩ represents a typical/w/ sound, while upper-case⟨W⟩ represents avoiceless w sound, like the difference between Englishweather andwhether for those who maintain the distinction.
Former U.S. presidentGeorge W. Bush was given the nickname "Dubya" after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial inTexas, where he spent much of his childhood.
^Brown & Kiddle (1870)The institutes of grammar, p. 19. Double-ues is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is written W's,Ws, w's, orws.
^"Arm w ist so unmer und unbekannt, dasz man schier weder seinen namen noch sein gestalt waiszt, die Lateiner wöllen sein nit, wie sy dann auch sein nit bedürffen, so wissen die Teütschen sonderlich die schülmaister noch nitt was sy mit im machen oder wie sy in nennen sollen, an ettlichen enden nennet man in we, die aber ein wenig latein haben gesehen, die nennen in mit zwaien unterschidlichen lauten u auff ainander, also uu ... die Schwaben nennen in auwawau, wiewol ich disen kauderwelschen namen also versteh, das es drey u sein, auff grob schwäbisch au genennet." cited after Grimm,Deutsches Wörterbuch.
^"Ordlista". Archived fromthe original on August 24, 2012. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2015., page 1098
^Aars, Jonathan; Hofgaard, Simon Wright (1907).Norske retskrivnings-regler med alfabetiske ordlister (in Norwegian). W. C. Fabritius & Sønner. pp. 19, 84. NBN 2006081600014.Archived from the original on February 18, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 18, 2011.
^Trần Tư Bình (November 30, 2013)."Viết tắt chữ Việt trong ngôn ngữ @".Chim Việt Cành Nam (in Vietnamese) (53).Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. RetrievedApril 15, 2014.
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