 Flag of Votians | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 109 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia | 99(2020)[1] |
 Estonia | 4(2011)10(2021)[2][3] |
| Languages | |
| Votic,Russian,Ingrian,Estonian | |
| Religion | |
| Eastern Orthodox Lutheran Poluverniki | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| OtherBaltic Finns EspeciallyEstonians,Livonians,Setos, andVõros | |
Votians, also referred to asVotes,Vots andVods (Votic:vađđalaizõd;Russian:водь;Estonian:vadjalased;Finnish:vatjalaiset) are aFinnic ethnic group native to historicalIngria, the part of modern-day northwesternRussia that is roughly southwest ofSaint Petersburg and east of theEstonian border-town ofNarva. TheFinnicVotic language spoken by Votians is close toextinction. The language is still spoken in three villages of historical Votia and by an unknown number of speakers in the countryside. The villages areJõgõperä (Krakolye),Liivcülä (Peski), andLuuditsa (Luzhitsy).[4] In the Russian 2020 census, 99 people identified as Votian.[1]
Votians were one of the founding people ofVeliky Novgorod.
Votians are the oldest known ethnic group in Ingria. They are probably descended from an Iron-age population of north-eastern Estonia and western Ingria. Some scholars claim they were a tribe ofEstonians, who developed a separate identity during isolation from other Estonians. It is speculated the ancient Estonian county ofVaiga got its name from Votians.[4] TheKylfings, a people active in Northern Europe during theViking Age, may have been Votes.[citation needed]
The earliest literary references to the Votes by their traditional name are from medieval Russian sources, where Votes are referred to asVoď. Older Russian sources grouped them (under the nameChudes) with Estonians.Lake Peipus near the Votian homelands is calledChudsko ozero, meaning "Lake of Chudes" in Russian.[5]
In 1069, the Votes were mentioned taking part in an attack on theNovgorod Republic by thePrincipality of Polotsk. Eventually Votes became part of the Novgorod Republic, and in 1149 they were mentioned taking part in an attack by Novgorod againstJems [fi;ru], who are speculated to be peoples ofTavastia. One of the administrative divisions of Novgorod,Voch'skaa, was named after Votes. After the collapse of Novgorod in the 1470s, theGrand Principality of Moscow deported many Votes from their homelands, and began more aggressive conversion of them. Missionary efforts started in 1534, after Novgorod'sarchbishop Macarius complained toIvan IV that Votes were still practicing their pagan beliefs. Macarius was authorized to send monk Ilja to convert the Votes. Ilja destroyed many of the old holy shrines and worshipping places. Conversion was slow and the next archbishopFeodosii II of Novgorod [ru] had to send priest Nikifor to continue Ilja's work. Slowly Votes were converted and they became devoted Christians.[6]
Sweden controlled Ingria in the 17th century, and attempts to convert local Orthodox believers to the Lutheran faith caused some of the Orthodox population to migrate elsewhere.[7] At the same time many Finnish peoples immigrated to Ingria. Religion separated the Lutheran Finns and Estonians and the Orthodox Izhorians and Votes, so intermarriage was uncommon between these groups. Votes mainly married other Votes, or Izhorians and Russians. They were mostly trilingual in Votic, Ingrian and Russian.[5] In 1848, the number of Votes had been 5,148, (Ariste 1981: 78),[8] but in the Soviet Russian census of 1926 there were only 705 left. From the early 20th century on, the Votic language no longer passed to following generations.[5] Most Votes were evacuated toFinland along with FinnishIngrians duringWorld War II, but were returned to the Soviet Union following the September 1944 Moscow Armistice.[9]
As a distinctpeople, Votes have become practically extinct afterStalinist dispersion to distant Soviet provinces as 'punishment' for alleged disloyalty and cowardice during World War II. Expellees allowed to return in 1956 found their old homes occupied by Russians.[9] In 1989, there were still 62 known Votes left, with the youngest born in 1930. There were 73 self-declared Votes in the 2002 Russian census. Of them 12 lived inSt. Petersburg, 12 inLeningrad Oblast and 10 inMoscow. In 2008 Votes were added to the list of Indigenous peoples of Russia, granting them some support to preserving their culture.[10] There have been some conflicts with Votic villagers and foresters, and in 2001 the Votic museum was burned in the village of Lužitsõ.[11] Another possible problem is a port which is being constructed toUst-Luga. It is planned that some 35,000 people would move near historic Votic and Izhoran villages.[12]
The Votes in Latvia were calledkrieviņi in Latvian. The word comes fromkrievs, which means "Russian". Historical sources indicate theTeutonic Knights led byVinke von Overberg captured many people inIngermanland during their attack there in 1444–1447, and moved them toBauska, where a workforce was needed to build a castle. It is estimated that some 3,000 people were transferred there. After the castle was built, the Votes did not go back, but were settled in the vicinity of Bauska and became farmers. Gradually, they forgot their own language and customs and were assimilated by the neighboringLatvians.[5] They are first mentioned in literature of 1636. The first "modern" scientist to study them was FinnishAnders Johan Sjögren, but the first person to connect them with Votes wasFerdinand Johan Wiedemann in 1872.[13] Latvian poetJānis Rainis had some Votic roots.[14]
Some modern people in Latvia aroundBauska, with historic Krevinian ancestry still wish to identify with Votians and there has been new interest in Votian culture among them. There also exists a Votic museum in Latvia.[15]
Votians used to live largely within the Narva region. Votes largely mixed with the Estonians, there exists information about Christians called "poluverniki" 'half believers', who mixed Orthodoxy and Lutheranism, this form of Christianity was practiced due to Orthodox Votians mixing with the Lutheran Estonians. Paul Ariste found that the Votic language influenced many Northern Estonian dialects.[16]
Today Estonia still has Votian cultural events inNarva.[16]
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Historically most Votes were farmers.Slash and burn (sardo) was practiced until the early 20th century. Cattle, horses and geese were the most important livestock. Some made their living from fishing. Many primitive fishing habits survived a long time in Votic communities, such as fishing with a club or spear.Seine fishing was practiced during the winter. Votians formed seine groups (artelli) and made fishing trips as far as the Finnish outer islands likeSeskar. Fishermen lived in wooden sleds called (pudka) during these trips.[5] Hunting was never an important source of income, because local nobility had reserved the right to hunt to themselves. Since St. Petersburg was so close to Votic homelands, many of the Votes went working there. Men worked in factories and women worked as servants. This contributed to rapid demise of Votic culture.[5]
Votes were quite poorly educated, and only one Vote,Dmitri Tsvetkov, is known to have ever attended and graduated from a university. Ancient Votic religion is not known well, but it is assumed that it was similar to other Finnic beliefs.[5]
Most Votes were able to speakIngrian and Russian as well as the Votic language. In fact, Ingrian was more common in everyday use than Votic in some villages. Votic was commonly used with family members, while Russian and Ingrian were used with others. Russian was the only language used in churches. Votes often referred to themselves asIzhorians, since this term was more commonly known among others. The term came in use when people wanted to make a difference between Lutheran and Orthodox Finnic populations in Ingria.[17]
According to a 2024 study, the majority of Votians belong to the paternal haplogroup R1a. Their second most common haplogroup is N1c, which is typical for Finno-Ugric peoples. A small proportion of Votes have haplogroup I2a1. When comparing the paternal lineages (combination of ancient haplogroups) of Votians to other Baltic-Finnic groups living in Russia and Slavic Central Russians, they are closer to the latter. However, in terms of autosomal DNA, they resemble other Baltic Finns, especiallyIzhorians andIngrian Finns, and differ from Central Russians.[18]
