Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Voiceless velar plosive

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨k⟩ in IPA

Voiceless velar plosive

IPA number 109

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) k

Unicode(hex) U+006B

X-SAMPA k

Braille

Image

Avoiceless velar plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound used in almost allspoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩.

A[k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain[k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Many languages also have a two-way contrast betweenaspirated and plain[k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g.Tahitian andMongolian.

Some languages have avoiceless pre-velar plosive,^[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypicalpalatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have avoiceless post-velar plosive,^[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypicaluvular plosive.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless velar stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation isvelar, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at thesoft palate.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

[edit]

IPA	Description
k	plain k
kʰ	aspirated k
kʲ	palatalized k
kʷ	labialized k
k̚	k withno audible release
k̬	voiced k
k͈	tense k
kʼ	ejective k

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ақалақь/ak̇halak̇h'	[ˈakalakʲ]	'the city'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe	Shapsug	кьэт/k′ėt	[kʲat]^ⓘ	'chicken'	Dialectal; corresponds to[t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Adyghe	Temirgoy	пскэн/pskėn	[pskan]	'to cough'	Dialectal; corresponds to[t͡ʃ] in other dialects.
Ahtna		gistaann	[kɪstʰɐːn]	'six'
Aleut^[3]		kiikax̂	[kiːkaχ]	'cranberry bush'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[4]	كتب/kataba	[ˈkatabɐ]	'he wrote'	SeeArabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[5]	քաղաք/ k'aġak'/k'aghak	[kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ]	'town'	Contrasts with unaspirated form.
Assamese		কম/kom	[kɔm]	'less'
Assyrian		ܟܬܒ̣ܐctava	[ktava]	'book'	Used in mostvarieties, with the exception of theUrmia andNochiya dialects where it corresponds to[t͡ʃ].
Basque		katu	[kat̪u]	'cat'
Bengali		কম/kom	[kɔm]	'less'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Bulgarian		как/kak	[kak]	'how'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Cantonese		家/gā	[kaː˥]^ⓘ	'home'	SeeCantonese phonology
Cantonese		橋/桥/kìuh	[kʰi:u˨˩]	'bridge'	SeeCantonese phonology
Catalan^[6]		cors	[ˈkɔɾs]	'hearts'	SeeCatalan phonology
Chuvash		кукка	[ku'kːɑ]	'mother's brother'
Czech		kost	[kost]	'bone'	SeeCzech phonology
Danish	Standard^[7]	gås	[ˈkɔ̽ːs]	'goose'	Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡ̊⟩ or ⟨ɡ⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʰ⟩ or ⟨k⟩. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch^[8]		koning	[ˈkoːnɪŋ]	'king'	SeeDutch phonology
English		kiss	[kʰɪs]^ⓘ	'kiss'	SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		rakonto	[raˈkonto]	'tale'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Estonian		kõik	[kɤik]	'all'	SeeEstonian phonology
Filipino		kuto	[ˈkuto]	'lice'
Finnish		kakku	[kɑkːu]	'cake'	SeeFinnish phonology
French^[9]		cabinet	[kabinɛ]	'office'	SeeFrench phonology
Georgian^[10]		ქვა/kva	[kʰva]	'stone'
German		Käfig	[ˈkʰɛːfɪç]	'cage'	SeeStandard German phonology
Greek		καλόγερος /kalógeros	[kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠]	'monk'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Gujarati		કાંદો/kaṃde	[kɑːnd̪oː]	'onion'	SeeGujarati phonology
Hebrew		כסף /kesef	[ˈkesef]	'money'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hiligaynon		kadlaw	[kad̪law]	'laugh'
Hindustani		काम /کام	[kɑːm]	'work'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Hokkien		歌/koa	[kua˧˨]	'song'	SeeHokkien phonology
Hokkien		區/区/khu	[kʰu˧˨]	'district'	SeeHokkien phonology
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬀𖬶 /keeb	[kẽ˦]	'origin', 'beginning', or 'male name'
Hungarian		akkor	[ɒkkor]	'then'	SeeHungarian phonology
Ibaloi		Koma		'rubber'
Italian^[11]		casa	[ˈkäːzä]	'house'	SeeItalian phonology
Japanese^[12]		鞄 /kaban	[kabaɴ]	'handbag'	SeeJapanese phonology
Kagayanen^[13]		kalag	[kað̞aɡ]	'spirit'
Khmer		កម្ពុជា /kâmpŭchéa	[kampuciːə]	'Cambodia'	SeeKhmer phonology
Korean		감자 /kamja	[kamdʑa]	'potato'	SeeKorean phonology
Lakota		kimímela	[kɪˈmɪmela]	'butterfly'
Luxembourgish^[14]		geess	[ˈkeːs]	'goat'	Less often voiced[ɡ]. It is usually transcribed in IPA as⟨ɡ⟩, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed⟨k⟩.^[14] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonian		кој	[kɔj]	'who'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Marathi		कवच	[kəʋət͡s]	'armour'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMarathi phonology
Malay		kaki	[käki]	'leg'	Unreleased in syllable codas in some words, SeeMalay phonology
Malayalam		കഥ/kada	[käd̪ʰä]	'story'	SeeMalayalam phonology
Mandarin		高/gāo	[kɑʊ˥]^ⓘ	'high'	SeeMandarin phonology
Mandarin		考/kǎo	[kʰɑʊ˨˩˦]	'roast' (v.)	SeeMandarin phonology
Nepali		केरा	[keɾä]	'banana'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian		kake	[kɑːkə]	'cake'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		କାମ/kāma	[kämɔ]	'work'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashto		كال/kal	[kɑl]	'year'
Persian		کارد/kārd	[kɑrd]	'knife'
Polish^[15]		buk	[ˈbuk]^ⓘ	'beech tree'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[16]		corpo	[ˈkoɾpu]	'body'	SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਕਰ/کر/kar	[kəɾ]	'do'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian^[17]		când	[ˈkɨnd]	'when'	SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[18]		короткий/korotkij	[kɐˈrotkʲɪj]^ⓘ	'short'	SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[19]		кост /kost	[kȏːs̪t̪]	'bone'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		kosť	[kɔ̝sc]	'bone'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene		kost	[ˈkôːs̪t̪]	'bone'	Aspirated beforeclose vowels. SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish^[20]		casa	[ˈkäsä]	'house'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish		ko	[ˈkʰuː]	'cow'	SeeSwedish phonology
Sylheti		ꠇꠤꠔꠣ/kita	[kɪt̪à]	'what'
Tamil		கல்	[kəl]	'rock'	SeeTamil phonology
Telugu		కాకి/kāki	[kāki]	'crow'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Thai		ไก่/kị̀	[kaj˨˩]	'chicken'	Contrasts with an aspirated form.
Turkish		kulak	[kʰuɫäk]	'ear'	SeeTurkish phonology
Ubykh		кауар/kawar	[kawar]	'slat'	Found mostly in loanwords. SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian^[21]		колесо/koleso	[ˈkɔɫɛsɔ]	'wheel'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Vietnamese^[22]		cam	[kam]	'orange'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Welsh		calon	[kʰalɔn]	'heart'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		keal	[kɪəl]	'calf'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yi		ꇰ /ge	[kɤ˧]	'foolish'	Contrastsaspirated and unaspirated forms.
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[23]	canza	[kanza]	'walking'

Notes

[edit]

^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
^Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
^Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
^Basbøll (2005:61)
^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^Okada (1999), p. 117.
^Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
^^a ^bGilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^DEX Online:[1]
^Padgett (2003), p. 42.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References

[edit]

Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis,ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J. III (2010),"The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (2):199–215,doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296,S2CID 38504322
Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[k] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ