| Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| χ | |||
| ꭓ | |||
| IPA number | 142 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | χ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+03C7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Avoiceless uvular fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound that is used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is either a Latin or Greek-stylechi, ⟨χ⟩. The historical IPA symbol for this sound was ⟨ᴚ⟩, a turned small capital R, and was officially changed to ⟨χ⟩ in 1928.[1] InAmericanist phonetic notation the sound is represented by⟨x̣⟩ (ex withunderdot), or sometimes by⟨x̌⟩ (ex withcaron). In broad transcription it may be transcribed ⟨x⟩, or ⟨r⟩ ifrhotic.
Features of a voiceless uvular fricative:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[2][3] | goed | [χut] | 'good' | Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[2] SeeAfrikaans phonology. | |
| Armenian | խաղxaġ | [χɑʁ] | 'game' | ||
| Azerbaijani[citation needed] | sancaq | [sɑndʒɑχ] | 'pin' | Colloquial pronunciation of word-final q. | |
| Breton | Some speakers | c'hwec'h | [χwɛχ] | 'six' | |
| Chuvash | хăна /hăna | [χəˈna] | 'guest' | ||
| Danish | Standard[4] | pres | [ˈpχæs] | 'pressure' | Before/r/, aspiration of/p,t,k/ is realized as devoicing of/r/.[5] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ⟩. SeeDanish phonology. |
| English | Scouse[6] | clock | [kl̥ɒχ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of/k/; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.[6] |
| neck | [nɛχ] | 'neck' | |||
| Welsh[7][8] | Amlwch | [ˈamlʊχ] | 'Amlwch' | Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;[7] usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeEnglish phonology | |
| WhiteSouth African[3][9] | gogga | [ˈχɒχə] | 'insect' | Less commonly velar[x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans andKhoisan.[3] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeWhite South African English phonology andEnglish phonology. | |
| French | très | [t̪χɛ] | 'very' | Allophone of/ʁ/ in contact with voiceless consonants. SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Standard[10] | Dach | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certainback vowels. SeeStandard German phonology |
| Chemnitz dialect[11] | Rock | [χɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with[ʁ̞],[ʁ],[ʀ̥] and[q].[11] Does not occur in coda.[11] | |
| Lower Rhine[12] | Wirte | [ˈvɪχtə] | 'hosts' | In free variation with[ɐ] between a vowel and avoicelesscoronal consonant. | |
| Hebrew[13] | מֶלֶךְ /mélekh | [ˈme̞le̞χ] | 'king' | Usually a fricative trill.[13] SeeModern Hebrew phonology. | |
| Luxembourgish[14] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | SeeLuxembourgish phonology. | |
| Portuguese | GeneralBrazilian[15] | rompimento | [χõpiˈmẽtʊ] | 'rupture' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant/ʁ/. SeePortuguese phonology. |
| Ripuarian[16][17] | ach | [ɑχ] | 'eight' | Allophone of/x/ after back vowels. Fronted to[ç] or[ʃ] after front vowels and consonants.[16][17] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeColognian phonology,Kerkrade dialect phonology andHard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Spanish | Ponce dialect[18] | perro | [ˈpe̞χo̞] | 'dog' | This and[ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of/r/ in this dialect.[18] SeeSpanish phonology. |
| Tlingit | -dáx̱ | [dáχ] | 'from, out of' | Occurs plain,labialised,ejective, and labialised ejective. | |
| Turkmen | gahar | [ɢɑχɑɾ] | 'snow' | ||
| Welsh | chwech | [χweːχ]ⓘ | 'six' | SeeWelsh phonology. | |
| Yiddish[2] | איךikh | [iχ] | 'I' | SeeYiddish phonology. | |
| Voiceless uvular fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| ʀ̝̊ | |
| Audio sample | |
Most languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have avoiceless uvular fricative trill (a simultaneous[χ] and[ʀ̥]). Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note that there is "a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."
Although they are not normally differentiated in studies, languages in which they have been (Hebrew,Wolof, as well as the northern and central varieties ofEuropean Spanish) have been found to specifically possess the fricative trill.[13][19][20][21] The fricative-trill can be transcribed as ⟨ʀ̝̊⟩ (adevoiced andraiseduvular trill) in IPA. It is found as either the fortis counterpart of/ɣ/ (which itself is voiceless at least in Northern StandardDutch:[x]) or the sole dorsal fricative in Northern SD and regional dialects and languages of the Netherlands (Dutch Low Saxon andWest Frisian) spoken above the riversRhine,Meuse andWaal (sometimes termed the Rotterdam–Nijmegen Line). A plain fricative that is articulated slightly further front, as eithermedio-velar orpost-palatal is typical of dialects spoken south of the rivers (mainlyBrabantian andLimburgish but excludingRipuarian and the dialect ofBergen op Zoom), including Belgian SD. In those dialects, the voiceless uvular fricative trill is one of the possible realizations of the phoneme/r/.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28] SeeHard and soft G in Dutch for more details.
The frication in the fricative trill variant sometimes occurs at the middle or the back of the soft palate (termedvelar ormediovelar andpost-velar, respectively), rather than the uvula itself. This is the case in Northern Standard Dutch as well as some varieties ofArabic, Limburgish and MadridSpanish. It may thus be appropriate to call those variantsvoiceless (post)velar-uvular fricative trill as the trill component is always uvular (velar trills are not physically possible). The corresponding IPA symbol is ⟨ʀ̝̊˖⟩ (a devoiced, raised andadvanced uvular trill, where the "advanced" diacritic applies only to the fricative portion of the sound). Thus, in cases where a dialectal variation between voiceless uvular and velar fricatives is claimed the main difference between the two may be the trilling of the uvula as frication can be velar in both cases - compare Northern Dutchacht[ɑʀ̝̊˖t] 'eight' (with a postvelar-uvular fricative trill) with Southern Dutch[ɑxt] or[ax̟t], which features a non-trilled fricative articulated at the middle or front of the soft palate.[20][21][22][26][27][29]
For avoiceless pre-uvular fricative (also calledpost-velar), seevoiceless velar fricative.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[2][3] | goed | [ʀ̝̊ut] | 'good' | Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[2] SeeAfrikaans phonology. | |
| Arabic[30] | خضراءḵaḍrāʾ | [ʀ̝̊adˤraːʔ] | 'green' (f.) | Fricative trill with velar frication.[30] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeArabic phonology | |
| Dutch | Standard Northern[22][23] | acht | [ɑʀ̝̊˖t]ⓘ | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication.[22] May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeDutch phonology andHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Belgian[24][25] | brood | [bʀ̝̊oːt] | 'bread' | Voiced when following a vowel.[31] Realization of/r/ varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology | |
| English | Scouse[6] | clock | [kl̥ɒʀ̝̊] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of/k/; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.[6] |
| neck | [nɛʀ̝̊] | 'neck' | |||
| Hebrew[13] | מֶלֶךְ /mélekh | [ˈme̞le̞ʀ̝̊] | 'king' | Usually a fricative trill.[13] SeeModern Hebrew phonology. | |
| Limburgish | Some dialects[26][27][28] | waor | [β̞ɒ̝ːʀ̝̊] | 'was' | Allophone of/r/ that has been variously described as occurring in the syllable coda[26][27] and word-final.[28] May be only partially devoiced; frication may be uvular or post-velar.[26][27] The example word is from theMaastrichtian dialect. SeeMaastrichtian dialect phonology andHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Low German | Dutch Low Saxon[22][23] | acht | [ɑʀ̝̊˖t] | 'eight' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[22] voiceless counterpart of/ɣ/. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeHard and soft G in Dutch |
| Spanish | European[20][21] | ojo | [ˈo̞ʀ̝̊o̞]ⓘ | 'eye' | Fricative trill; frication is velar in Madrid. Occurs in northern and central varieties.[20][21] Most often, it is transcribed with ⟨x⟩ in IPA. SeeSpanish phonology. |
| Upper Sorbian[32] | brach | [bʁ̞äʀ̝̊] | 'fault' | Fricative trill.[32] | |
| West Frisian[22][23] | berch | [bɛrʀ̝̊˖] | 'mountain' | Fricative trill with post-velar frication;[22] voiceless counterpart of/ɣ/. Never occurs in word-initial positions. May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. SeeWest Frisian phonology | |
| Wolof[19] | ñax | [ɲaʀ̝̊] | 'grass' | Fricative trill.[19] | |
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