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Voiceless retroflex plosive

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʈ⟩ in IPA

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Voiceless retroflex plosive

IPA number 105

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʈ

Unicode(hex) U+0288

X-SAMPA t`

Braille

Image

Avoiceless retroflex plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. This consonant is found as aphoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas:South Asia andAustralia.

Transcription

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The symbol that represents this sound in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ ⟩. Like all theretroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalentalveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below thebaseline.

Features

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Features of a voiceless retroflex stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Translation	Notes
Bengali^[1]		টাকা	[ʈaka]	'taka'	Apical postalveolar;^[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeBengali phonology
Brahui		سىٹ	[asiʈ]	'one'
English	Indian dialects	time	[ʈaɪm]	'time'	Corresponds to alveolar/t/ in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
English	General American	art	[ɑɻʈ]	'art'	Allophone of /t/ before /ɻ/ See English Phonology.
Gujarati^[2]		બટાકા	[bəʈaːka]	'potato'	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeGujarati phonology
Hindustani^[3]^[4]	Hindi	टोपी	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hindustani^[3]^[4]	Urdu	ٹوپی	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hmong		𖬅𖬰𖬡 /raus	[ʈàu]	'immerse in liquid'	Contrasts with aspirated form (written⟨rh⟩).
Iwaidja		yirrwartbart	[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]	'taipan'
Javanese		bathang	[baʈaŋ]	'cadaver'
Kannada		ತಟ್ಟು	[t̪ʌʈːu]	'to tap'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Lo-Toga^[5]		dege	[ʈəɣə]	'we (incl.)'	Laminal retroflex.
Malayalam		കാട്ട് /كٰاڊّْ /kāṭṭŭ	[kaːʈːɨ̆]	'wild'	Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Marathi^[2]		बटाटा	[bəʈaːʈaː]	'potato'	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeMarathi phonology
Mutsun		TiTkuSte	[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]	'torn'
Nepali		टोली	[ʈoli]	'team'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeNepali phonology
Norwegian		kort	[kɔʈː]	'card'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu^[6]		rdagowa	[ʈakowa]	'prawn'
Odia		ଟଗର /ṭagara	[ʈɔgɔrɔ]	'crepe jasmine'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Pashto		ټول	[ʈol]	'all'
Punjabi	Gurmukhi	ਟੋਪੀ	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Punjabi	Shahmukhi	ٹـوپی	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Scottish Gaelic	SomeHebridean dialects^[7]	àrd	[aːʈ]	'high'	Corresponds to the sequence/rˠt/ in other dialects. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Sicilian		latru	[ˈlaʈɽu]	'thief'
Swedish^[8]		karta	[ˈkʰɑːʈa]	'map'	SeeSwedish phonology
Sylheti		ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ	[ʈulli]	'skull'	contains tonal pronunciation.^[9] SeeSylheti phonology
Tamil^[2]^[10]		எட்டு /يࣣڊُّ /eṭṭu	[eʈːɯ]	'eight'	Subapical.^[2] SeeTamil phonology
Telugu		కొట్టు	[koʈːu]	'to hit or beat'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Torwali^[11]^[12]		ٹـىىےل	[ʈiɡel]	'words'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Urdu		ساٹھ	[saːʈ]	'sixty'
Vietnamese	Southern dialects^[13]	bạntrả	[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀʈa˧˩˧]	'you pay'	May be somewhataffricated. SeeVietnamese phonology
Welayta		[ʈaza]		'dew'

Notes

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^^a ^bMazumdar (2000:57)
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fKhatiwada (2009:374)
^Ladefoged (2005:141)
^Tiwari (2004:?)
^François (2009:189);François (2016:35).
^Ladefoged (2005:158)
^Bauer, Michael.Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
^Eliasson (1986:278–279)
^Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness".Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130.doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri.ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7. Retrieved2023-07-11.
^Keane (2004:111)
^Lunsford (2001:11–16)
^"ٹیگیل".Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived fromthe original on 2024-03-28.
^Thompson (1959:458–461)

References

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Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.),Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):111–116,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
François, Alexandre (2009),"Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu"(PDF), in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.),Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
François, Alexandre (2016),"The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu"(PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.),Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39 (3):337–380,doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001),"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"(PDF),M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920],The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,ISBN 8120614526
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966],Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,ISBN 81-225-0017-X

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ