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Voiceless retroflex implosive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ᶑ̥⟩ or ⟨𝼉⟩ in IPA
Voiceless retroflex implosive
ᶑ̥
𝼉
Audio sample
Image

Avoiceless retroflex implosive is an extremely rareconsonantal sound, used in very fewspokenlanguages. There is no official symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, but ⟨ᶑ̊⟩ or theoretically ⟨ʈʼ↓⟩ may be used, or the old convention ⟨𝼉⟩ (ƭ̢).

Features

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Features of the voiceless retroflex implosive:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
  • Itsphonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Theairstream mechanism isimplosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping theglottis downward. As it is voiceless, the glottis is completely closed, and there is no pulmonic airstream at all.

Occurrence

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A rare and evidently unstable sound,[ᶑ̥] has been described inOromo of Ethiopia,[1] andNgiti of theDemocratic Republic of the Congo.[2]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Oromo[1]haadha[hɑːᶑ̥ɐ]'mother'[ᶑ̥] is mostly likely voiced[ᶑ], and may weaken into/ɽ/ in intervocalic positions.[3] SeeOromo language.
Ngiti[4][example needed]Contrasts /ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɓ̥ ᶑ̥ ʄ̥/.

References

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  1. ^abDissassa (1980)Some aspects of Oromo phonology, p. 10–11
  2. ^Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994).Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire (PhD). Köln:Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. p. 31.
  3. ^Lloret (1997), p. 500
  4. ^Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994).Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire (PhD). Köln:Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.

Works cited

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IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
PlaceLabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
MannerBi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalmɱ̊ɱn̪̊nn̠̊ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbtdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒ
Non-sibilant affricatep̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔ɟʝkxɡɣɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricativeszʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙrɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantlɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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