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Voiceless retroflex affricate

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Consonantal sound

Voiceless retroflex affricate

ʈʂ

tʂ

ꭧ

IPA number 105 (136)

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʈ͡ʂ

Unicode(hex) U+0288 U+0361 U+0282

X-SAMPA ts`

Image

Avoiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʈ͡ʂ⟩ or ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, often simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ꭧ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.

Alaminal variant occurs inPolishcz, and anapical variant in theIndo-Aryan languages.

Features

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Features of a voiceless retroflex affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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The affricate occurs in a number of languages:

Asturian: Speakers of the western dialects of this language use it instead of thevoiced palatal fricative, writingḷḷ instead ofll.
Slavic languages: Polish, Belarusian, OldCzech, Serbo-Croatian; some speakers of Russian may use it instead of thevoiceless alveolo-palatal affricate.
a number ofNorthwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Mandarin and otherSinitic languages.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аҽада	[at͡ʂʰada]^ⓘ	'donkey'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		чъыгы	[t͡ʂəɣə]^ⓘ	'tree'	SeeAdyghe phonology
Asturian	Some dialects^[1]^[2]	ḷḷobu	[t̠͡ʂoβu]	'wolf'	Corresponds to standard/ʎ/.
Belarusian		пачатак	[pat̠͡ʂatak]	'the beginning'	Laminal. SeeBelarusian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin^[3]	中文 /Zhōngwén	[ʈ̺͡ʂ̺ʊŋ˥u̯ən˧˥]^ⓘ	'Chinese language'	Apical.^[4] Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMandarin phonology
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬒𖬶𖬯𖬵 /txov	[tso˨˦]	'lion' or 'tiger'
Khanty	Eastern dialects	ҷӓңҷ	[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]	'knee'	Corresponds to avoiceless retroflex fricative/ʂ/ in the northern dialects.
Khanty	Southern dialects	ҷӓңҷ	[t̠͡ʂaɳt̠͡ʂ]	'knee'
Mapudungun		trafoy	[t̠͡ʂa.ˈfoj]	'it got broken'	Contrasts with a voiceless postalveolar affricate:chafoy[t͡ʃa.ˈfoj] 'he/she coughed'
Northern Qiang		zhes	[t̠͡ʂəs]	'day before yesterday'	Contrasts with aspirated and voiced forms.
Polish	Standard^[5]^[6]	czas	[ˈt̠͡ʂäs̪]^ⓘ	'time'	Laminal. Transcribed/t͡ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. SeePolish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[7]	cena	[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]	'price'	Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of/t̠͡ʂ/ and/t͡s/ into[t͡s].
	Suwałki dialect^[8]	cena	[ˈt̠͡ʂɛn̪ä]	'price'
Quechua	Cajamarca–Cañaris	chupa	[t̠͡ʂupə]	'tail'
Russian		лу́чше / luchshe	[ˈɫut͡ʂʂə]^ⓘ	'better'
Serbo-Croatian^[9]		чеп /čep	[t̠͡ʂe̞p]	'cork'	Apical. It may bepalato-alveolar instead, depending on the dialect. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian		szczopek	[ʂt̠͡ʂopɛk]	'pike'
Slovak^[10]		čakať	[ˈt̠͡ʂäkäc]	'to wait'	Laminal.
Spanish	Chilean^[11]	cuatro	[ˈˈkwatʂo]	'four'	Corresponding to[tɾ] in other dialects.
Torwali^[12]		ڇووو	[t̠͡ʂuwu]	'to sew'	Contrasts with aspirated form.
Vietnamese		trà	[t̠͡ʂaː˨˩]	'tea'	Some speakers.
Yi		ꍈ /zha	[t̠͡ʂa˧]	'a bit'	Contrasts with aspirated form.

Notes

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^Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (2005).Normes ortográfiques(PDF) (in Asturian) (6th revised ed.). Academia Llingua Asturiana. p. 14.ISBN 84-8168-394-9. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-03-23.
^García Arias (2003:34)
^Ladefoged & Wu (1984:?)
^Lee, Wai-Sum (1999).An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin(PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. pp. 413–416.S2CID 51828449.
^Jassem (2003:103)
^Hamann (2004:65)
^"Gwary polskie - Gwara regionu". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved2013-11-13.
^"Gwary polskie - Szadzenie". Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved2013-11-13.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^Correa Mujica, Miguel (2001)."Influencias de las lenguas indígenas en el español de Chile".Espéculo. Revista de estudios literarios. (in Spanish). Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Retrieved31 May 2009.
^Lunsford (2001), pp. 16–20.

References

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García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2003),Gramática Histórica de la Lengua Asturiana, Oviedo: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, pp. 34–36,ISBN 84-8168-341-8
Hamann, Silke (2004),"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):53–67,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604,S2CID 2224095, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-04-14, retrieved2015-04-09
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (3):373–378,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter; Wu, Zongji (1984), "Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates",Journal of Phonetics,11 (3):267–278,doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30883-6
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001).An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan(PDF) (M.A. thesis). Arlington: University of Texas. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2007-06-12.
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links

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List of languages with[ʈʂ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ