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Voiceless postalveolar fricative

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Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʃ⟩ in IPA

This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, seeVoiceless retroflex fricative. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, seeVoiceless alveolo-palatal fricative. For the mathematical symbol∫, seeIntegral symbol.

Voiceless postalveolar fricative

IPA number 134

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʃ

Unicode(hex) U+0283

X-SAMPA S

Braille

Image

Avoiceless postalveolar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in manyspoken languages. TheInternational Phonetic Association uses the termvoiceless postalveolar fricative only for the sound[ ʃ ],^[1] but it also describes thevoiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative[ɹ̠̊˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences.

Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative

[edit]

Avoiceless palato-alveolar fricative orvoiceless domed postalveolar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in manylanguages, including English. In English, it is usually spelled⟨sh⟩, as inship.

The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ʃ ⟩, the letteresh introduced byIsaac Pitman (not to be confused with theintegral symbol⟨∫⟩).

An alternative symbol is⟨š⟩, ans with acaron orháček, which is used in theAmericanist phonetic notation and theUralic Phonetic Alphabet, as well as in thescientific andISO 9 transliterations of Cyrillic. It originated with theCzech orthography ofJan Hus and was adopted inGaj's Latin alphabet and other Latin alphabets of Slavic languages. It also features in the orthographies of manyBaltic,Finno-Samic, North American andAfrican languages.

Features

[edit]

Features of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of thetongue behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		шыд	[ʃəd]	'donkey'
Albanian		shtëpi	[ʃtəˈpi]	'house'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[2]	شَمْس	[ʃams]^ⓘ	'sun'	SeeArabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[3]	շուն	[ʃun]^ⓘ	'dog'
Aromanian		shi	[ʃi]	'and'
Asturian		(la)xera	[laˈʃjeɾa]^ⓘ	('the') 'task'	May be realised as [ʃj], [ɕj], [ɕ] or [ʃ], depending on context and speaker.
Azerbaijani		şeir	[ʃeiɾ]	'poem'
Assyrian		ܫܒܬܐšebta	[ʃεbta]	'saturday'
Bengali		দেশ	[deʃ]	'country'	SeeBengali phonology
Bashkir		биш / biş	[bʲiʃ]^ⓘ	'five'
Basque		kaixo	[kajʃ̺o]	'hello'	Apical.
Breton		chadenn	[ˈʃadɛ̃n]	'chain'
Bulgarian		юнашки	[juˈnaʃki]	'heroically'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan		peix	[ˈpe(j)ʃ]	'fish'	Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal [ɕ] and postalveolar [ʃ] fricative. SeeCatalan phonology.
Chechen		шура /şura	['ʃurə]	'milk'
Chuvash		шурă	['ʃurə]	'white'
Czech		kaše	[ˈkaʃɛ]	'mash'	SeeCzech phonology
Dutch^[4]		sjabloon	[ʃäˈbloːn]^ⓘ	'template'	May be[sʲ] or[ɕ] instead. SeeDutch phonology
English		sheep	[ˈʃiːp]^ⓘ	'sheep'	SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		ŝelko	[ˈʃelko]	'suspenders'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Faroese		sjúkrahús	[ʃʉukrahʉus]	'hospital'	SeeFaroese phonology
French^[5]		cher	[ʃɛʁ]^ⓘ	'expensive'	SeeFrench phonology
Finnish		šekki	[ʃekːi]	'check'	SeeFinnish phonology
Galician		viaxe	[ˈbjaʃe]	'trip'	SeeGalician phonology
Georgian^[6]		შარი	[ˈʃɑɾi]	'quibbling'
German	Standard^[7]	schön	[ʃøːn]	'beautiful'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[7] SeeStandard German phonology
Greek	Cypriot	ασσιήμια	[ɐˈʃːimɲɐ]	'ugliness'	Contrasts with/ʃ/ and/ʒː/
Greek	Pontic	ςςον	[ʃo̞n]	'snow'
Hebrew		שָׁלוֹם	[ʃaˈlom]^ⓘ	'peace'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindi		शक	[ʃək]	'doubt'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarian		só	[ʃoː]	'salt'	SeeHungarian phonology
Ilocano		siák	[ʃak]	'I'
Irish		sí	[ʃiː]	'she'	SeeIrish phonology
Italian	Marked accents ofEmilia-Romagna^[8]	sali	[ˈʃäːli]	'you go up'	Apical non-labialized; may be[s̺ʲ] or[ʂ] instead.^[8] It corresponds to[s] in standard Italian. SeeItalian phonology
Italian	Standard^[9]	fasce	[ˈfäʃːe]	'bands'	SeeItalian phonology
Kabardian		шыд	[ʃɛd]	'donkey'	Contrasts with alabialized form
Kabyle		ciwer	[ʃiwər]	'to consult'
Kashubian^[10]		nasz	[naʃ]	'our'	SeeKashubian language
Kazakh		шаш /şaş	[ʃаʃ]	'hair'
Kurdish		şev	[ʃɛv]	'night'	SeeKurdish phonology
Latvian		šalle	[ˈʃalːe]	'scarf'	SeeLatvian phonology
Lillooet		stswúw̓ecw	[ˈʃtʃwuˀwəxʷ]	'creek'
Limburgish	Maastrichtian^[11]	sjat	[ʃɑ̽t]	'darling'	Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.^[12]
Lingala		shakú	[ʃakú]	'grey parrot'
Lithuanian		šarvas	[ˈʃɐrˑvɐs]	'armor'	SeeLithuanian phonology
Macedonian		што	[ʃtɔ]	'what'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay		syarikat	[ʃarikat]	'company'
Maltese		x′jismek?	[ˈʃjɪsmɛk]	'what is your name?'
Marathi		शब्द	[ˈʃəbd̪ə]	'word'	SeeMarathi phonology
Mayan	Yucatec	ko'ox	[koʔoʃ]	'let's go'
Mopan		kax	[kɑːʃ]	'chicken'
Mpade		sha	[ʃa]	'cow'
Mutsun		raṭmašte	[ɾɑʈmɑʃtɛ]	'having acne'
Neapolitan		scugnizzo	[ʃkuˈɲːitt͡sə]	'urchin'
Occitan	Auvergnat	maissant	[meˈʃɔ̃]	'bad'	SeeOccitan phonology
	Gascon	maishant	[maˈʃan]
	Limousin	son	[ʃũ]	'his'
Persian		شاه	[ʃɒːh]	'king'	SeePersian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	siano	[ˈʃän̪ɔ]	'hay'	/ʂ/ and/ɕ/ merge into[ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish,/ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminalvoiceless retroflex sibilant
	Lubawa dialect^[13]
	Malbork dialect^[13]
	Ostróda dialect^[13]
	Warmia dialect^[13]
Portuguese^[14]^[15]		xamã	[ʃɐˈmɐ̃]	'shaman'	Also described as alveolo-palatal[ɕ].^[16]^[17]^[18] SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabi		ਸ਼ੇਰ	[ʃeːɾ]	'lion'
Romani		deš	[deʃ]	'ten'
Romanian		șefi	[ʃefʲ]	'bosses'	SeeRomanian phonology
Sahaptin		šíš	[ʃiʃ]	'mush'
Scottish Gaelic		seinn	[ʃeiɲ]	'sing'	SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian		škola	[ʃkôːla]	'school'	SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[19]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ʂ/ and/ɕ/ into[ʃ]
Silesian	Jablunkov^[19]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ʂ/ and/ɕ/ into[ʃ]
Slovak		škola	[ʃkɔla]	'school'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene		šola	[ˈʃóːlà]	'school'	SeeSlovene phonology
Somali		shan	[ʃan]	'five'	SeeSomali phonology
Spanish	New Mexican	echador	[e̞ʃäˈðo̞ɾ]^ⓘ	'boastful'	Corresponds to[t͡ʃ] in other dialects. SeeSpanish phonology
	NorthernMexico^[20]
	Cuban
	Panamanian	chocolate	[ʃo̞ko̞ˈläte̞]	'chocolate'
	SouthernAndalusia
	Chilean
	Rioplatense	ayer	[äˈʃe̞ɾ]	'yesterday'	May be voiced[ʒ] instead. SeeSpanish phonology andyeísmo
Sranantongo		syène	[ˈʃɛne]	'blunder, disappointment'
Swahili		shule	[ʃule]	'school'
Swedish	Västerbotten dialect^[21]	svår	[ˈʃwoːr]	'difficult'
Tagalog		siya	[ʃa]	'he/she'	SeeTagalog phonology
Toda^[22]		[pɔʃ]		'language'	Contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.^[23]
Tunica		šíhkali	[ˈʃihkali]	'stone'
Turkish		güneş	[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]	'sun'	SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian^[24]		шахи	['ʃɑxɪ]	'chess'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Urdu		شکریہ	[ʃʊkˈriːaː]	'thank you'	SeeHindustani phonology
Uyghur		شەھەر	[ʃæhær]	'city'
Uzbek		bosh	[bɒʃ]	'head'
Walloon		texhou	[tɛʃu]	'knit fabric'
Welsh	Standard	siarad	[ˈʃɑːrad]	'speak'	SeeWelsh phonology
Welsh	Southern dialects	mis	[miːʃ]	'month'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		sjippe	[ˈʃɪpə]	'soap'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Western Lombard	Canzés	fescia	[feʃa]	'nuisance'
Wu Chinese	Northern Wu (Shengpu locality)	詩	[ʃz̩ʷ ˥] \|\| 'poem' \|\|
Yiddish		וויסנשאַפֿטלעכע	[vɪsn̩ʃaftləχə]	'scientific'	SeeYiddish phonology
Yorùbá		ṣí	[ʃi]	'open'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[25]	xana	[ʃana]	'how?'

In various languages, including English and French, it may have simultaneouslabialization, i.e.[ʃʷ], although this is usually not transcribed.

Classical Latin did not have[ʃ], though it does occur in mostRomance languages. For example,⟨ch⟩ in Frenchchanteur "singer" is pronounced/ʃ/.Chanteur is descended from Latincantare, where⟨c⟩ was pronounced/k/. The⟨sc⟩ in Latinscientia "science" was pronounced/sk/, but has shifted to/ʃ/ in Italianscienza.

Similarly,Proto-Germanic had neither[ʃ] nor[ʂ], yet many of its descendants do. In most cases, this[ʃ] or[ʂ] descends from a Proto-Germanic/sk/. For instance, Proto-Germanic *skipą ("hollow object, water-borne vessel larger than a boat") was pronounced/ˈski.pɑ̃/. The English word "ship"/ʃɪp/ has been pronounced without the/sk/ the longest, the word being descended fromOld English "scip"/ʃip/, which already also had the[ʃ], though the Old English spelling etymologically indicated that the old/sk/ had once been present.

This change took longer to catch on in West Germanic languages other than Old English, though it eventually did. The second West Germanic language to undergo this sound shift wasOld High German. After High German, the shift most likely then occurred in Low Saxon. After Low Saxon, Middle Dutch began the shift, but it stopped shifting once it reached/sx/, and has kept that pronunciation since. Then, most likely through influence from German and Low Saxon,North Frisian experienced the shift.

Then, Swedish quite swiftly underwent the shift, which resulted in the very uncommon[ɧ] phoneme, which, aside from Swedish, is only used inColognian, a variety of High German, though not as a replacement for the standard High German/ʃ/ but a coronalized/ç/. However, the exact realization of Swedish/ɧ/ varies considerably among dialects; for instance, in Northern dialects it tends to be realized as[ʂ]. Seesj-sound for more details. Finally, the last to undergo the shift was Norwegian, in which the result of the shift was[ʃ].

The sound inRussian denoted by⟨ш⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually anapical retroflex fricative.^[26]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠̊˔
ɹ̝̊˗
IPA number	151 414 402B 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	`r\_-_0_r`

Avoiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It can be transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet as ⟨ɹ̠̊˔⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝̊˗⟩, both of which indicate a[ɹ] that isretracted,raised, andvoiceless.

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Received Pronunciation^[27]	crew	[kɹ̠̊˔ʊu̯]	'crew'	Only partially devoiced. It is a realization of/r/ after the word-initial fortis plosives/p,k/, unless they are preceded by/s/ within the same syllable.^[28] SeeEnglish phonology

Voiceless postalveolar approximant

[edit]

Voiceless postalveolar approximant
ɹ̠̊

Some scholars also posit thevoiceless postalveolar approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɹ̠̊⟩.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bengali^[29]	Some dialects	আবার	[ˈäbäɹ̠̊]	'again'	Apical; possible allophone of/ɹ/ in the syllable coda.^[30] SeeBengali phonology
Spanish	Santiagueño dialect	perro	[ˈpe̞ɹ̠̊o̞]^ⓘ	'dog'	Used instead ofrolled r (r) in the dialect ofSantiago del Estero,Argentina.

Notes

[edit]

^"IPA i-charts (2018)".International Phonetic Association. Retrieved5 June 2020.
^Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 18.
^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
^^a ^bMangold (2005:51)
^^a ^bCanepari (1992), p. 73.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^Treder, Jerzy."Fonetyka i fonologia". Rastko. Archived fromthe original on 2014-11-02.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that/ʃ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
^^a ^b ^c ^dDubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995), p. 62.
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^Medina (2010).
^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000).
^Silva (2003), p. 32.
^Guimarães (2004).
^^a ^bDąbrowska (2004:?)
^Cotton & Sharp (2001:15) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFCottonSharp2001 (help)
^Lindgren, 1919 & p. 245. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLindgren1919p._245 (help)
^Ladefoged (2005:168)
^Krishnamurti (2003), p. 66. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (help)
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
^Silke, Hamann (2004)."Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-04-14.
^Roach (2004), pp. 240–241.
^Roach (2004), p. 240.
^Khan (2010), p. 224.
^Khan (2010), pp. 223–224.

References

[edit]

Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010),"Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (2):221–225,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988),Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press,ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004),Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie,ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995),Dialekty i gwary polskie (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna,ISBN 83-2140989-X
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 9783929075083
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Guimarães, Daniela (2004),Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte(PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-04-07, retrieved2014-12-06
Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
———; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies:155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2015-09-18
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Lindgren, J.V. (1919),Burträskmålets grammatik(PDF), p. 245
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Medina, Flávio (2010),Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de[i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro(PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-23, retrieved2014-12-06
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–14,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Oftedal, Magne (1956),A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):239–45,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–21,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–64,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003),Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto,ISBN 85-7244-102-6
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,20 (2):37–41,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266,S2CID 243640727

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ʃ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ