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Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ħ⟩ in IPA

For the article about the h-bar symbol, seeH with stroke.

Voiceless pharyngeal fricative

IPA number 144

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ħ

Unicode(hex) U+0127

X-SAMPA X\

Braille

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Avoiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is anh-bar, ⟨ħ⟩. In the transcription of Arabic, Berber (and otherAfro-Asiatic languages) as well as a few other scripts, it is often written⟨Ḥ⟩,⟨ḥ⟩.

Typically characterized as fricative in the upper pharynx, similar to[h], except that the latter is placed at theglottis instead.

Features

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Features of a voiceless pharyngeal fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispharyngeal, which means it is articulated with thetongue root against the back of the throat (thepharynx).
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letterhēth, which occurs in all dialects ofArabic,Classical Syriac,Western Neo-Aramaic,Central Neo-Aramaic,Ge'ez,Tigre,Tigrinya as well asBiblical,Mishnaic andMizrahi Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing inAncient Egyptian, a relatedAfro-Asiatic language.Assyrian Neo-Aramaic,Ashkenazi Hebrew and most speakers ofModern Hebrew have merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with thevoiceless velar (oruvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives ofSemitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but ratherepiglottal) nor fricatives (but ratherapproximants).^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		хIахъвы/kh'akh"vy	[ħaqʷə]	'stone'
Abkhaz		ҳара/khara	[ħaˈra]	'we'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		тхьэ/tkh'ė/ﺗﺤﻪ	[tħa]^ⓘ	'god'
Afar		dalcu	[dʌlħu]	'striped hyena'
Agul		мухI/mukh'	[muħ]	'barn'
Amis^[2]		tuduh	[tuɮuħ]	'burn, roast'	Word-final allophone of /ʜ/.
Arabic^[3]	Standard	ﺣﺎل/ḥāl	[ħaːl]^ⓘ	'situation'	SeeArabic phonology
Arabic^[3]	Essaouira^[4]	شلوح (šlūḥ)	[ʃlɵːħ]	'chleuh'
Archi		хIал/kh'al	[ħal]	'state'
Central Neo-Aramaic	Turoyo	ܡܫܝܚܐ (mšìḥo)	[mʃiːħɔ]	'Christ'	Corresponds with[x] in most other dialects.
Atayal		hiyan	[ħijan]	'in/at/on him/her/it'
Avar		xIебецI/kh'ebets'/ﺣﯧﺒﯧﺾ	[ħeˈbetsʼ]	'earwax'
Azerbaijani		əhdaş	[æħd̪ɑʃ]	'instrument'
Chechen		xьач/ẋaç/ﺣﺎچ	[ħatʃ]^ⓘ	'plum'
English	Some speakers, mostly ofReceived Pronunciation^[5]	horrible	[ħɒɹɪbəl]	'horrible'	Glottal[h] for other speakers.^[5] SeeEnglish phonology
French^[6]	Some speakers	faire	[feː(ă)ħ]	'to do, to make'
Galician^[7]	Some dialects	gato	[ˈħatʊ]	'cat'	Corresponds to/ɡ/ in other dialects. SeeGalician phonology andgheada
Hebrew	Mizrahi	חַשְׁמַל/ḥašmal	[ħaʃˈmal]^ⓘ	'electricity'	Merged with[χ] for most modern speakers. SeeModern Hebrew phonology.
Hebrew	Temani	אֶחָדֿ/aḥoḏ	[æˈħɔð]	'one'	Yemenite pronunciation of the letterchet. Merged with/χ/ in most other dialects. SeeYemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish	Haketia	Ḥaketía	[ħakeˈti.a]	'Haketia'	Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish	Jerusalem	ḥakura	[ħaˈkuɾa]	'small vegetable garden'	Borrowed from Arabic and Hebrew
Kabardian		кхъухь/ꝗvɦ/ٯّوح	[q͡χʷəħ]^ⓘ	'ship'
Kabyle		ⴰⵃⴻⴼⴼⴰⴼ/aḥeffaf/اﺣـﻔﺎف	[aħəfːaf]	'hairdresser'
Kullui			[biːħ]	'twenty'	/ħ/ historically derives from/s/ and occurs word-finally^[8]
Kurdish	Most speakers	ḧol	[ħol]^ⓘ	'environment'	Corresponds to/h/ in some Kurdish dialects
Leonese	Riberan	harina	[ħaˈɾi.na]	'flour'
Maltese	Standard	wieħed	[wiːħet]	'one'
Nuu-chah-nulth		ʔaap-ḥii	[ʔaːpˈħiː]	'friendly'
Sioux	Nakota	haxdanahâ	[haħdanahã]	'yesterday'
Somali		xood/ﺣٗﻮد/𐒄𐒝𐒆	[ħoːd]^ⓘ	'cane'	SeeSomali phonology
Tarifit		tameǧaḥt	[θæmədʒæħt]	'salt'
Ukrainian^[9]		нігті/nihti	[ˈnʲiħtʲi]	'fingernails'	Allophone of/ʕ/ (which may be transcribed/ɦ/) before voiceless consonants;^[9] can be fronted to[x] in some "weak positions".^[9] SeeUkrainian phonology

Notes

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^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
^Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995)."The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report"(PDF).Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
^Watson (2002:19)
^Francisco (2019), p. 89.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (2003), p. 148.
^Mager, Irene (1974).A critical analysis of the teaching of French phonology (Thesis).OCLC 9841438.ProQuest 193965929.
^Regueira (1996:120)
^Thakur 1975, p. 181.
^^a ^b ^cDanyenko & Vakulenko (1995:12)

References

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Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-90-04-10340-5
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
Francisco, Felipe Benjamin (2019).O dialeto árabe de Essaouira: documentação e descrição de uma variedade do sul do Marrocos [The Arabic Dialect of Essaouira: Documentation and Description of a Southern Moroccan Variety] (PhD) (in Portuguese).São Paulo:University of São Paulo.doi:10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-29102019-180034.S2CID 214469852.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
Regueira, Xose (1996). "Galician".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.26 (2):119–122.doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162.S2CID 241094214.
Thakur, Mauluram (1975),Pahāṛī bhāṣā, Delhi: Sanmarg Prakashan
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-824137-9

External links

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List of languages with[ħ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ