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Voiceless palatal plosive

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨c⟩ in IPA

Voiceless palatal plosive

IPA number 107

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) c

Unicode(hex) U+0063

X-SAMPA c

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Avoiceless palatal plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩.

It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to representvoiceless postalveolar affricate[t͡ʃ] or other similaraffricates, for example in theIndic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction betweenplosive and affricate is not contrastive.

Voiceless palato-alveolar plosive

[edit]

Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive
t̠ʲ

If distinction is necessary, avoiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨t̠ʲ⟩ (retracted andpalatalized ⟨t⟩). There is also a non-IPA letterU+0236 ȶLATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL;⟨ȶ⟩ ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives⟨ɕ,ʑ⟩), which is used especially insinological circles.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless palatal stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation ispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongue raised to thehard palate.
- The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound closer to the velar[k].
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Palatal or alveolo-palatal

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian^[1]		shqip	[ʃcip]^ⓘ	'Albanian'	Merged with[t͡ʃ] inGheg Albanian and some speakers ofTosk Albanian.^[2]
Asturian	Western dialects^[3]	muyyer	[muˈceɾ]	'woman'	Alternate evolution of -lj-, -c'l-,pl-,cl- andfl- in theBrañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as[c͡ç] or[ɟ͡ʝ]
Amuzgo	Xochistlahuaca variety^[4]	tyaáⁿ	[cã́]	'clumsy; a clumsy person'
Azerbaijani		کئچی/keçi	[ceˈt͡ʃi]^ⓘ	'goat'	Can realize as "t͡ʃ̟" in Tabriz accent
Basque		ttantta	[cäɲcä]	'droplet'
Blackfoot		ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ /akikoan	[aˈkicoan]	'girl'	Allophone of/k/ afterfront vowels.
Breton	Gwenedeg	kenn	[cɛ̃n]	'dandruff'	Realization of /k/ before front vowels.
Bulgarian	Banat dialect	kaćétu (каќету orкакьету)	[kacetu]	'as'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan	Majorcan^[5]	qui	[ˈci̞]	'who'	Dento-alveolo-palatal or palatal.^[6]Corresponds to/k/ in other varieties. SeeCatalan phonology
Corsican		chjodu	[ˈcoːdu]	'nail'	Also present in theGallurese dialect
Croatian	Littoral dialect	već	[vec]	'already'
Czech		čeština	[ˈt͡ʃɛʃc̟ɪna]^ⓘ	'Czech' (language)	Alveolo-palatal or alveolar.^[6] SeeCzech phonology
Dawsahak		[cɛːˈnɐ]		'small'
Dinka		car	[car]	'black'
Ega^[7]		[cá]		'understand'
French^[6]		sac	[s̪aʲc]^ⓘ	'bag'	Ranges from alveolar to palatal. SeeFrench phonology
Friulian		cjase	[caze]	'house'
Ganda		caayi	[caːji]	'tea'
Gweno		[ca]		'to come'
Hakka	Meixian	飛機 /fi¹gi¹	[fi˦ci˦]	'plane'	Allophone of/k/ before/i/.
Hausa		kyauta	[caːuta]	'gift'
Hokkien	Taiwanese	機車 /ki-tshia	[ciː˧t͡ɕʰia˥]	'motorcycle'
Hungarian^[8]		kutya	[ˈkuc̟ᶝɒ]^ⓘ	'dog'	Alveolo-palatal.^[6] SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandic		Eldgjá	[ˈɛlˑt̪c̟ɑu̯]^ⓘ	'Eldgjá'	Alveolo-palatal.^[9] SeeIcelandic phonology
Irish		ceist	[cɛʃtʲ]	'question'	Alveolo-palatal or palatal.^[6] SeeIrish phonology
Khasi		boit	[bɔc]	'dwarf'
Khmer		ចាប /chab	[caːp]	'bird'	Contrastsaspirated and unaspirated forms.
Kinyarwanda		ikintu	[iciːnɦuʰ]	'thing'
Kurdish	Northern	kîso	[cʰiːsoː]	'tortoise'	Allophone of/kʰ/ before/ɨ/,/ɛ/,/iː/, and/eː/. SeeKurdish phonology
	Central	کیسەڵ	[cʰiːsæɫ]
	Southern	کیسەڵ	[cʰiːsaɫ]
Latvian		ķirbis	[ˈcirbis]^ⓘ	'pumpkin'	SeeLatvian phonology
Low German	Plautdietsch	kjoakj	[coac]	'church'	Corresponds to[kʲ] in all other dialects.^{[clarification needed]}
Macedonian		шеќер	[ˈʃɛc^çɛr]^ⓘ	'sugar'	Prescribed realisation of the/c/ phoneme, varies greatly across dialects.^[10] SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay	Kelantan-Pattani	cita	[ci.tɔʔ]	'feeling'	Palatal,^[11] allophone of/tʃ/. SeeMalay phonology
Malay	Indonesian	cari	[cari]	'to find'	Palatal,^[11] allophone of/tʃ/. SeeMalay phonology
Norwegian	Centraldialects^[12]	fett	[fɛcː]	'fat'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Norwegian	Northerndialects^[12]	fett	[fɛcː]	'fat'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan	Limousin	tireta	[ciˈʀetɒ]	'drawer'
	Auvergnat	tirador	[ciʀaˈdu]	'drawer'
	WesternGascon	chifra	[ˈcifrə]	'digit'	Corresponds to [tʃ] and sometimes [dʒ] in eastern dialects
Romanian^[13]		Chișinău	[c^çiʃiˈnɜu̯]^ⓘ	'Chișinău'	Allophone of/k/ before/i/ and/e/. SeeRomanian phonology. Also in some northern dialects
Romansh	Sursilvan^[14]	notg	[nɔc]	'night'
	Sutsilvan^[15]	tgàn	[caŋ]	'dog'
	Surmiran^[16]	vatgas	[ˈvɑcɐs]	'cows'
	Puter^[17]	zücher	[ˈtsycər]	'sugar'
	Vallader^[18]	müs-chel	[ˈmyʃcəl]	'moss'
Scottish Gaelic^[19]		maide	[ˈmãtʲə]	'stick'	Alveolo-palatal or alveolar. Affricated in some positions, with affrication stronger incertain dialects.
Slovak^[6]		ťava	[ˈcava]	'camel'	Laminal alveolo-palatal. Often africated.^[20] SeeSlovak phonology
Spanish	Canarian	choco	[ˈc̟oko]	'cuttlefish'	Alveolo-palatal. Used to be voiced.^[21] Corresponds to[t͡ʃ] in other dialects of Spanish (speakers from other areas of Spain mishear it as[ʝ]).
Turkish		köy	[cʰœj̊ʷ]^ⓘ	'village'	SeeTurkish phonology
Vietnamese^[22]	Central and Southern	BaChẽ	[bɐː˧c̟ɛˑ˧ˀ˥]^ⓘ	'Ba Chẽ'	May be slightly affricated[tᶝ]. SeeVietnamese phonology
West Frisian		tjems	[cɛms]	'strainer'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Western Desert		kutju	[kucu]	'one'
Damin		dunji-kan	[t̺un̺t̠ʲikan̺]	'go'

Post-palatal

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Voiceless post-palatal plosive
c̠
k̟

There is also avoiceless post-palatal orpre-velar plosive^[23] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypicalvelar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨c̠⟩ (retracted ⟨c⟩) or ⟨k̟⟩ (advanced ⟨k⟩).

Especially inbroad transcription, a voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive (⟨kʲ⟩.


Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Belarusian		кіслы	[ˈk̟is̪ɫ̪ɨ]^ⓘ	'acidic'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. SeeBelarusian phonology
Catalan^[24]		qui	[k̟i]	'who'	Allophone of/k/ beforefront vowels.^[24] SeeCatalan phonology
Danish	Standard^[25]	gidsel	[ˈk̟isəl]	'hostage'	Allophone of/ɡ/ before front vowels.^[25] SeeDanish phonology
English^[26]^[27]		keen	[k̟ʰiːn]^ⓘ	'keen'	Allophone of/k/ before front vowels and/j/.^[26]^[27] SeeEnglish phonology
English^[26]^[27]		back	[bæc̠]	back	MainstreamIrish English realisation of /k/ after front vowels.^[28]
German	Standard^[29]^[30]	Kind	[k̟ʰɪnt]^ⓘ	'child'	Allophone of/k/ before and after front vowels.^[29]^[30] SeeStandard German phonology
Greek^[31]		Μακεδνός	[mɐc̠e̞ˈðno̞s̠]^ⓘ	'Makedon'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Italian	Standard^[32]	chi	[k̟i]^ⓘ	'who'	Allophone of/k/ before/i,e,ɛ,j/.^[32] SeeItalian phonology
Japanese		九 /kyū	[k̟ÿː]	'nine'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩, allophone of /kj/. SeeJapanese phonology
Polish		kiedy	[ˈk̟ɛdɨ]^ⓘ	'when'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese		qui	[k̟i]	'Chi'	Allophone of/k/ before front vowels. SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian^[33]		ochi	[o̞k̟]	'eye'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[34]	кит /kit	[k̟it̪]^ⓘ	'whale'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[35]		còig	[kʰoːʲk̟]	'five (5)'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Spanish^[36]		kilo	[ˈk̟ilo̞]	'kilo(gram)'	Allophone of/k/ before front vowels.^[36] SeeSpanish phonology
Tidore		yaci	[jaci]	'to rip'
Ukrainian		кінчик/kinchyk	[ˈk̟inʲt͡ʃɪk]^ⓘ	'tip'	Can also be transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩, but is an allophone of/k/ before front vowels. SeeUkrainian phonology
Vietnamese		cách	[kak̟]^ⓘ	'to cut, to harvest'	Final allophone of/c/. SeeVietnamese phonology

Notes

[edit]

^Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
^Kolgjini (2004).
^"Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (in Asturian).Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved2019-11-24.
^Dobui (2021).
^Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fRecasens (2013), pp. 11–13, 16.
^Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
^Recasens (2013), pp. 4, 11.
^Friedman, Victor (2001)."Macedonian".SEELRC. Duke University. p. 11. Archived fromthe original on 2023-08-15.
^Jiang Wu (2023).Malayic varieties of Kelantan and Terengganu. Amsterdam: LOT Publications. p. 42.ISBN 978-94-6093-436-0.
^^a ^bSkjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
^DEX Online:[1]
^Menzli (1993), p. 92.
^Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
^Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
^Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
^Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
^Oftedal (1956), p. 106.
^Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), Bosák, Ján; Petrufová, Magdaléna (eds.),"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" [Slovak Speech Sounds and the International Phonetic Alphabet](PDF),Jazykovedný časopis [The Linguistic Journal] (in Slovak) (55/2), Bratislava: Slovak Academic Press, spol. s r. o.:87–109,ISSN 0021-5597
^Herrera Santana, Juana (2007)."Variación dialectal: procesos de convergencia y divergencia en el español de Canarias".Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish) (25):337–346.ISSN 0212-4130.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^Instead of "post-palatal", it can also be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
^^a ^bRafel (1999), p. 14.
^^a ^bGrønnum (2005), p. 124.
^^a ^bCruttenden (2014), p. 181.
^^a ^bMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
^"Variation and Change in Dublin English, (c) Raymond Hickey".www.raymondhickey.com. Retrieved2023-12-14.
^^a ^bWiese (1996), p. 271.
^^a ^bKrech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 92.
^Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
^^a ^bCanepari (1992), p. 62.
^Sarlin (2014), p. 17.
^Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
^Oftedal (1956), p. 108.
^^a ^bCanellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.

References

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Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved2013-12-11
Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987),Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia,ISBN 978-8470394836
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0
Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,32 (1):99–104,doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Cruttenden, Alan (2014),Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,ISBN 9781444183092
Dobui, Bien (2021), "Nasal allophony and nasalization in Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo",Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics,6 (1),doi:10.5334/gjgl.1056
Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN 978-87-500-3865-8
Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004),Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009),Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter,ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Liver, Ricarda (1999),Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag,ISBN 978-3-8233-4973-0
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009),An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, archived fromthe original on 2014-07-07, retrieved2014-06-04
Menzli, Gierdi (1993),Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha
Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982),Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press,ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
Oftedal, Magne (1956).A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland: Vol III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis(PDF). Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap: Suppl. Bind IV. Oslo: H. Aschehoug (W. Nygaard).OCLC 6240927.
Rafel, Joaquim (1999),Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional(PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
Recasens, Daniel (2013),"On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):1–22,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199,S2CID 145463946, archived fromthe original(PDF) on May 6, 2021
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35 (1):1–25,doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878,S2CID 14140079
Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013],"Sounds of Romanian and their spelling",Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37,ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997),Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Wiese, Richard (1996),The Phonology of German, Oxford: Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-824040-2
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (2):221–228,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

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List of languages with[c] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ