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Voiceless palatal fricative

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ç⟩ in IPA

Voiceless palatal fricative

IPA number 138

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ç

Unicode(hex) U+00E7

X-SAMPA C

Braille

Image

Avoiceless palatal fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ç⟩. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of thevoiceless alveolo-palatal fricative.

Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have/ç/ as a phoneme.^[1] The sound further occurs as anallophone of/x/ (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of/h/ in the vicinity offront vowels.

Features

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Features of a voiceless palatal fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongue raised to thehard palate.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Palatal

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Blackfoot^{[citation needed]}		ᖱᑊᖽᒧᐧᖿ /ihkitsíkaa	[ɪçkit͡síkaː]	'Seven'	Allophone of/x/.
Chinese	Taizhou dialect	嬉	[çi]	'to play'	Corresponds to alveolo-palatal/ɕ/ in otherWu dialects.
Chinese	Meixian dialect	香	[çʲɔŋ˦]	'fragrant'	Corresponds to palatalized fricative/hj/ in romanised as "hi-" or "hy-"Hakka dialect writing.
Danish	Standard^[2]	pjaske	[ˈpçæskə]	'splash'	May be alveolo-palatal[ɕ] instead.^[2] Before/j/, aspiration of/p,t,k/ is realized as devoicing and fortition of/j/.^[2] Note, however, that the sequence/tj/ is normally realized as an affricate[t͡ɕ].^[3] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch	Standard Northern^[4]	wiegje	[ˈʋiçjə]	'crib'	Allophone of/x/ before/j/ for some speakers.^[4] SeeDutch phonology
English	Australian^[5]	hue	[çʉː]	'hue'	Phonetic realization of the sequence/hj/.^[5]^[6]^[7] SeeAustralian English phonology andEnglish phonology
	British^[6]^[7]	hue	[çʉː]	'hue'
	Scouse^[8]	like	[laɪ̯ç]	'like'	Allophone of/k/; ranges from palatal to uvular, depending on the preceding vowel.^[8] SeeEnglish phonology
Estonian^{[citation needed]}		vihm	[viçm]	'rain'	Allophone of/h/. SeeEstonian phonology
Finnish^{[citation needed]}		vihko	[ʋiçko̞]	'notebook'	Allophone of/h/. SeeFinnish phonology
French	Parisian^[9]	merci	[mɛʁ̥ˈsi̥ç]^ⓘ	'thank you'	The close vowels/i,y,u/ and the mid front/e,ɛ/ at the end of utterances can bedevoiced.^[9] SeeFrench phonology
German^{[citation needed]}		nicht	[nɪçt]^ⓘ	'not'	Traditionally allophone of/x/, or vice versa, but phonemic for some speakers who have both/aːx/ and/aːç/ (</aʁç/). SeeStandard German phonology.
Haida^{[citation needed]}		xíl	[çɪ́l]	'leaf'
Hmong	White (Dawb)	𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 /xya	[ça˧]	'seven'	Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Hmong	Green (Njua)	𖬗𖬰𖬧𖬰 /xya	[ça˧]	'seven'	Corresponds to alveolo-palatal /ɕ/ in Dananshan dialect
Hungarian^[10]		kapj	[ˈkɒpç]	'get' (imperative)	Allophone of/j/ between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary. SeeHungarian phonology
Icelandic		hérna	[ˈçɛ(ɾ)tnä]	'here'	Allophone of/h/ near/j/ and/i/.^[11] SeeIcelandic phonology
Irish^{[citation needed]}		aSheáin	[əçaːnʲ]	'John' (voc.)	SeeIrish phonology
Japanese^[12]		日 /hi	[çi]^ⓘ	'day'	Allophone of/h/ before/i/ and/j/. SeeJapanese phonology
Kabyle^{[citation needed]}		ḵtil	[çtil]	'to measure'
Korean^{[citation needed]}		힘 /him	[çim]^ⓘ	'strength'	Allophone of/h/ word-initially before/i/ and/j/. SeeKorean phonology
Minangkabau	Mukomuko^{[citation needed]}	tangih	[taŋiç]	'cry'	Allophone of /h/ after /i/ and /j/ in coda.
Moksha^{[citation needed]}		шалхка	[ʃalçka]	'nose'
Muniche		[tʃaçu]		'plant stalk'	^[13]
Norwegian	Urban East^[14]	kjerne	[ˈçæ̂ːɳə̌]^ⓘ	'core'	Often alveolo-palatal[ɕ] instead; younger speakers in Bergen, Stavanger and Oslo merge it with/ʂ/.^[14] SeeNorwegian phonology
Pashto	Ghilji dialect^[15]	پښه‎	[pça]	'foot'	SeePashto phonology
Pashto	Wardak dialect	پښه‎	[pça]	'foot'	SeePashto phonology
Romanian	Standard^{[citation needed]}	Rohia	[r̠̊o̞ˈçijä]^ⓘ	'Rohia'	Allophone of/h/ before/i/. Typically transcribed with [hʲ]. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[16]	твёрдый /tvjordyj	[ˈt̪ʋʲɵrd̪ɨ̞ç]^ⓘ	'hard'	Possible realization of/j/.^[16] SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[17]		eich	[eç]	'horses'	Slender allophone of/x/. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology and orthography
Sicilian^{[citation needed]}		ciumi	[ˈçuːmɪ]	'river'	Evolved from the Latin/fl/ nexus. Realized as[t͡ʃ] when preceded by a consonant. SeeSicilian phonology
Spanish	Chilean^[18]	mujer	[muˈçe̞ɾ]	'woman'	Allophone of/x/ before front vowels. SeeSpanish phonology
Turkish^[19]		zihin	[ziˈçin]^ⓘ	'intellect'	Allophone of/h/.^[19] SeeTurkish phonology
Uzbek^{[citation needed]}		maktab	[mɑçtɑb]	'school'	Occurs when/k/ comes before/t/ and/b/ sounds.
Walloon^{[citation needed]}		texhe	[tɛç]^ⓘ	'to knit'	⟨xh⟩ spelling proper in Common Walloon, in the Feller system it would be written ⟨hy⟩
Welsh		hiaith	[çaɪ̯θ]^ⓘ	'language'	Occurs in words where/h/ comes before/j/ due to h-prothesis of the original word, i.e./jaɪ̯θ/iaith'language' becomesei hiaith'her language', resulting in/j/i →/ç/hi.^[20] SeeWelsh phonology

Post-palatal

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Voiceless post-palatal fricative
ç˗
x̟
Audio sample
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There is also avoiceless post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypicalvoiceless velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ç̠⟩, ⟨ç˗⟩ (both symbols denote aretracted ⟨ç⟩) or ⟨x̟⟩ (advanced ⟨x⟩).

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Its place of articulation ispost-palatal, also calledretracted palatal,backed palatal,palato-velar,pre-velar,advanced velar orfront(ed-)velar, which means it is articulated between the position ofpalatal consonants andvelar consonants.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Belarusian^{[citation needed]}		глухі /hluchí	[ɣɫuˈx̟i]^ⓘ	'deaf'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeBelarusian phonology
Dutch	StandardBelgian^[4]	acht	[ˈax̟t]^ⓘ	'eight'	May be velar[x] instead.^[4] SeeDutch phonology
Dutch	Southern accents^[4]	acht	[ˈax̟t]^ⓘ	'eight'	May be velar[x] instead.^[4] SeeDutch phonology
Greek^[21]		ψυχή /psychí	[ps̠iˈç̠i]^ⓘ	'soul'	SeeModern Greek phonology
Limburgish	Weert dialect^[22]	ich	[ɪ̞x̟]	'I'	Allophone of/x/ before and after front vowels.^[22] SeeWeert dialect phonology
Lithuanian^[23]^[24]		chemija	[ˈx̟ɛmija]	'chemistry'	Very rare;^[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeLithuanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[16]	хинди /chindi	[ˈx̟inʲdʲɪ]^ⓘ	'Hindi'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeRussian phonology
Spanish		mujer	[muˈx̟e̞ɾ]	'woman'	Allophone of/x/ before front vowels.^[26] SeeSpanish phonology
Ukrainian^{[citation needed]}		алхімія /alchimija	[ɐl̞ʲˈx̟imʲijɐ]^ⓘ	'alchemy'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨xʲ⟩. SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek^[27]		xurmo	[x̟urmɒ]	'date palm'	Weakly fricated; occurs word-initially and pre-consonantally, otherwise it is post-velar[x̠].^[27]

Notes

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^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 167–168.
^^a ^b ^cBasbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
^Grønnum (2005), p. 148.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eCollins & Mees (2003), p. 191.
^^a ^bCox & Fletcher (2017), p. 159.
^^a ^bRoach (2009), p. 43.
^^a ^bWells, John C (2009-01-29),"A huge query",John Wells's phonetic blog, retrieved2016-03-13
^^a ^bWatson (2007), p. 353.
^^a ^bFagyal & Moisset (1999).
^Siptár & Törkenczy (2007), p. 205.
^Rögnvaldsson (2017), p. 33, 37. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRögnvaldsson2017 (help)
^Okada (1999), p. 118.
^Michael, Lev; Farmer, Stephanie; Finley, Gregory; Acosta, Karina Sullón; Beier, Christine; Icahuate, Alexandra Chanchari; Baneo, Donalia Icahuate; Saita, Melchor Sinti (2023-01-16), Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev (eds.),"18 Muniche",Language Isolates II: Kanoé to Yurakaré, De Gruyter, pp. 851–892,doi:10.1515/9783110432732-005,ISBN 978-3-11-043273-2, retrieved2025-09-17
^^a ^bKristoffersen (2000), p. 23.
^Henderson (1983), p. 595.
^^a ^b ^cYanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
^Oftedal (1956), pp. 113–4.
^Palatal phenomena in Spanish phonology Archived 2021-11-23 at theWayback Machine Page 113
^^a ^bGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
^Ball & Watkins (1993), pp. 300–301.
^Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
^^a ^bHeijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
^Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23).
^Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
^Ambrazas et al. (1997), p. 35.
^Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
^^a ^bSjoberg (1963), p. 11.

References

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Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.),Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language,ISBN 978-9986-813-22-4
Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved2013-12-11
Ball, Martin J.; Watkins, T. Arwyn (1993),The Celtic Languages, Routledge Reference Grammars, Routledge,ISBN 978-0-415-28080-8
Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis,ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987),Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia,ISBN 978-8470394836
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 978-9004103405
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Damirchizadeh, A (1972),Modern Azerbaijani Language: Phonetics, Orthoepy and Orthography, Maarif Publ
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Moisset, Christine (1999),"Sound Change and Articulatory Release: Where and Why are High Vowels Devoiced in Parisian French?"(PDF),Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Science, San Francisco, vol. 1, pp. 309–312
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Grønnum, Nina (2005),Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,ISBN 978-87-500-3865-8
Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998),"The Dutch dialect of Weert"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,28 (1–2):107–112,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307,S2CID 145635698, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2016-03-04, retrieved2014-06-15
Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto",Journal of the American Oriental Society,103 (3):595–597,doi:10.2307/602038,JSTOR 602038
Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000),The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
Mathiassen, Terje (1996),A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc.,ISBN 978-0893572679
Oftedal, Magne (1956),A linguistic survey of the Gaelic dialects of Scotland, Vol. III: The Gaelic of Leurbost, Isle of Lewis, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Pop, Sever (1938),Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Roach, Peter (2009),English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, vol. 1 (4th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-71740-3
Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur (2017)."Hljóðkerfi og orðhlutakerfi íslensku" [The phonology and morphology of Icelandic](PDF) (in Icelandic) (2nd ed.). Reykjavík.Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-09-18.
Siptár, Péter; Törkenczy, Miklós (2007),The Phonology of Hungarian, The Phonology of the World's Languages, Oxford University Press
Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,37 (3):351–360,doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (2):221–228,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ