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Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

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(Redirected fromVoiceless dental plosive)
Consonantal sounds
Voiceless alveolar plosive
t
IPA number103
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)t
Unicode(hex)U+0074
X-SAMPAt
Braille⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)
Image
Voiceless dental plosive
t̪
IPA number103 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)t​̪
Unicode(hex)U+0074 U+032A
X-SAMPAt_d
Braille⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

Voiceless alveolar anddental plosives (orstops) are a type ofconsonantal sound used in almost allspokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents voicelessdental,alveolar, andpostalveolarplosives is ⟨t⟩. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and theextIPA has a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The[t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.[1] Most languages have at least a plain[t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a[t] are colloquialSamoan (which also lacks an[n]),Abau, andNǁng of South Africa.[citation needed]

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops,Kota,Toda,Venda and manyAustralian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties ofHiberno-English also distinguish them (with[t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme/θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).

Features

[edit]

Here are the features of voiceless alveolar stops:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • There are three specific variants of[t]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

[edit]
IPADescription
tplain t
t̪dental t
t̠postalveolar t
tʰaspirated t
tʲpalatalized t
tʷlabialized t
t̚t withno audible release
t̬voiced t
t͈tense t
tʼejective t
tˤpharyngealized t

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental

[edit]
Occurrence of[t̪] in various languages
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Aleut[2]tiistax̂[t̪iːstaχ]'dough'Laminal denti-alveolar.
ArmenianEastern[3]տուն[t̪un]ⓘ'house'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaicܬܠܬ̱ܐ/ţlo[t̪lɑ]'three'
Bashkirдүрт/dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian[4]стагоддзе[s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe]'century'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeBelarusian phonology
Basquetoki[t̪oki]'place'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeBasque phonology
Bengaliতুমি[t̪umi]'you'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan[5]terra[ˈt̪ɛrə]'land'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeCatalan phonology
Chuvashут[ut]'horse'
Czechtoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]'this'Laminal denti-alveolar.[6] SeeCzech phonology
Dinka[7]mɛth[mɛ̀t̪]'child'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar/t/.
DutchBelgiantaal[t̪aːl̪]'language'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[8]thin[t̪ʰɪn]'thin'Laminal denti-alveolar.In Dublin, it may be[t͡θ] instead.SeeEnglish phonology.
IndianCorresponds to[θ].[8]
SouthernIrish[9]
Ulster[10]train[t̪ɹeːn]'train'Allophone of/t/ before/r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnishtutti[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]'pacifier'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeFinnish phonology
French[11]tordu[t̪ɔʁd̪y]'crooked'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeFrench phonology
Hakka[12]他/ta3[t̪ʰa˧]'he/she'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Hindustani[13]Hindiतीन/tīn[t̪iːn]'three'Laminal denti-alveolar.Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>.SeeHindustani phonology
Urduتین/tīnContrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
HmongWhite Hmong𖬆𖬰𖬧𖬵 /tub[tu˦]'son', 'boy' or 'male name'
Indonesian[14]tabir[t̪abir]'curtain'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian[15]tale[ˈt̪ale]'such'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[16]特別/tokubetsu[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]'special'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeJapanese phonology
Kashubian[17]ptôch[ptɞx]'bird'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhтұз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[18]туз[t̪us̪]'salt'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[19]tabula[ˈt̪äbulä]'table'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeLatvian phonology
Malayalamകാത്ത്[kaːt̪ːɨ̆]'waiting'Contrasts/t̪tʈd̪ɖ/.
Mapudungun[20]füṯa[ˈfɘt̪ɜ]'husband'Interdental.[20]
Marathiतबला[t̪əbˈlaː]'tabla'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMarathi phonology
Nepaliताली[t̪äli]'clapping'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNepali phonology
Nunggubuyu[21]darag[t̪aɾaɡ]'whiskers'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odiaତାରା/tara[t̪ärä]'star'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Pazeh[22][mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]'keep clapping'Dental.
Polish[23]tom[t̪ɔm]ⓘ'volume'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[24]Many dialectsmontanha[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]'mountain'Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it mayaffricate to[tʃ],[tɕ] and/or[ts] in certain environments. SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabiਤੇਲ/تیل[t̪eːl]'oil'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[25]толстый[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]'fat'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[26]taigh[t̪ʰɤj]'house'Apical dental. Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Serbo-Croatian[27]туга/tuga[t̪ǔːgä]'sorrow'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhalaඅත[at̪ə]'hand'
Slovene[28]tip[ˈt̪îːp]'type'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSlovene phonology
Slovaktoto[ˈt̪ot̪o]'this'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSlovak phonology
Somalimatag[mat̪ag]'vomit'Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
Spanish[29]tango[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]'tango'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish[30]tåg[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]'train'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSwedish phonology
Teluguతప్పు[t̪apːu]'wrong'Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkishat[ät̪]'horse'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[31][32]брат[brɑt̪]ⓘ'brother'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek[33][example needed]–Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[33]
Vietnamese[34]tuần[t̪wən˨˩]'week'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. SeeVietnamese phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[35]tant[t̪ant̪]'so much'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

[edit]
Occurrence of[t] in various languages
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Abkhazиҭабуп[jtʰabwpʼ]ⓘ'thank you'SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adygheтфы[tfə]ⓘ'five'
Afrikaans[36]tafelⓘ'pot'
ArabicEgyptianتوكة/tōka[ˈtoːkæ]'barrette'SeeEgyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrianܒܝܬܐ/bèta[beːta]'house'Most speakers. In theTyari,Barwari andSouthern dialectsθ is used.
Cantonese跌/dit[ti:t̚˧]'fall' (v.)SeeCantonese Phonology
鐵/鉄/tit[tʰi:t̚˧]'iron'
Chechenтарсал/tarsal[tɑːrsəl]'squirrel'
DanishStandard[37]dåse[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]'can' (n.)Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate[t͡s] or aspirated stop[tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩.[38] SeeDanish phonology
Dutch[39]taal[taːɫ]'language'SeeDutch phonology
EnglishMost speakerstick[tʰɪk]ⓘ'tick'SeeEnglish phonology
New York[40]Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[40]
Hebrewתמונה[tmuˈna]'image'seeModern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[41]tutaj[ˈtutɒj]'raft'SeeHungarian phonology
Kabardianтхуы[txʷə]ⓘ'five'
Khmerតែ/tê[tae]'tea'SeeKhmer phonology
Korean대숲/daesup[tɛsup̚]'bamboo forest'SeeKorean phonology
KurdishNortherntu[tʰʊ]'you'SeeKurdish phonology
Centralتەوێڵ[tʰəweːɫ]'forehead'
Southernتێوڵ[tʰeːwɨɫ]
Luxembourgish[42]dënn[tən]'thin'Less often voiced[d]. It is usually transcribed/d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed/t/.[42] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malayalamകാറ്റ്[kaːtːɨ̆]'wind'Contrasts/t̪tʈd̪ɖ/.
Maltesetassew[tasˈsew]'true'
Mandarin地/dì[ti˥˩]'ground'SeeMandarin Phonology
梯/tī[tʰi˥˥]'ladder/stairs'
Mapudungun[20]füta[ˈfɘtɜ]'elderly'
Nunggubuyu[21]darawa[taɾawa]'greedy'
Nuosu[which?]ꄉ/da[ta˧]'place'Contrasts aspirated andunaspirated forms
Portuguese[43]Some dialectstroço[ˈtɾɔsu]'thing' (pejorative)Allophone before alveolar/ɾ/. In other dialects/ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. SeePortuguese phonology
Tagalogmatamis[mɐtɐˈmis]'sweet'SeeTagalog phonology
Thaiตา/ta[taː˧]'eye'Contrasts with an aspirated form.
West Frisiantosk[ˈtosk]'tooth'SeeWest Frisian phonology

Postalveolar

[edit]
Voiceless postalveolar plosive
t̠
Audio sample
Occurrence of[t̠]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bengali[44]টাকা[t̠aka]'taka'Apical postalveolar;[44] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeBengali phonology
Hindustani[45][46]टोपी/ٹوپی[t̠oːpiː]'hat'Apical postalveolar
Nepaliटोली[t̠oli]'team'Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. SeeNepali phonology
Odiaଟଗର /ṭagara[t̠ɔgɔrɔ]'crepe jasmine'Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Yeledêê[t̠əː]'tongue'Contrasts/t̪t̪͡pt̪ʲt̠t̠͡pt̠ʲ/.

Variable

[edit]
Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArabicModern Standardتين‎/tīn[tiːn]'fig'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker'snative dialect. SeeArabic phonology
EnglishBroadSouth African[47]talk[toːk]'talk'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[47][48][49]
Scottish[48][tʰɔk]
Welsh[49][tʰɒːk]
GermanStandard[50]Tochter[ˈtɔxtɐ]'daughter'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[50] SeeStandard German phonology
Greek[51]τρίαtria[ˈtɾiä]'three'Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[51] SeeModern Greek phonology
Malayتڠکڤ/tangkap[t̪äŋ.käp̚]'catch'More commonly dental. Oftenunreleased in syllable codas. SeeMalay phonology
NorwegianUrban East[52]dans[t̻ɑns]'dance'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed/d/. It may be partially voiced[d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed/t/.[52] SeeNorwegian phonology
Persian[53]توت[t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ]'berry'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[53] SeePersian phonology
Slovak[54][55]to[t̻ɔ̝]'that'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[54][55] SeeSlovak phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
  2. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  3. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
  4. ^Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  6. ^Skarnitzl, Radek (February 2015)."Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study".Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved30 March 2022.
  7. ^Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
  8. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  9. ^Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  10. ^"Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved2015-04-26.
  11. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  12. ^Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
  13. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  14. ^Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  15. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  16. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  17. ^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
  18. ^Kara (2003), p. 11.
  19. ^Nau (1998), p. 6.
  20. ^abcSadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  21. ^abLadefoged (2005), p. 158.
  22. ^Blust (1999), p. 330.
  23. ^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  24. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  25. ^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  26. ^Bauer, Michael.Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
  27. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  28. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  29. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  30. ^Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  31. ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
  32. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  33. ^abSjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  34. ^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  35. ^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  36. ^Donaldson (1993).
  37. ^Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
  38. ^Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
  39. ^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  40. ^abWells (1982), p. 515.
  41. ^Szende (1994), p. 91.
  42. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  43. ^Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisitedArchived 2014-04-07 at theWayback Machine(in Portuguese)
  44. ^abMazumdar (2000:57)
  45. ^Ladefoged (2005:141)
  46. ^Tiwari (2004:?)
  47. ^abLass (2002), p. 120.
  48. ^abScobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  49. ^abWells (1982), p. 388.
  50. ^abMangold (2005), p. 47.
  51. ^abArvaniti (2007), p. 10.
  52. ^abKristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
  53. ^abMahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help)
  54. ^abKráľ (1988), p. 72.
  55. ^abPavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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