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Voiceless dental and alveolar trills

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨r̥⟩ in IPA

Voiceless alveolar trill

r̥

IPA number 122 402A

Audio sample

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Encoding

X-SAMPA r_0

Image

Avoiceless alveolar trill differs from thevoiced alveolar trill/r/ only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

Proto-Indo-European*sr developed into a sound spelled⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for/r/ and the diacritic for/h/, inAncient Greek. It was probably a voiceless alveolar trill and became the regular word-initial allophone of/r/ in standardAttic Greek that has disappeared inModern Greek.

Proto-Indo-European*srew- > Ancient Greekῥέω "flow", possibly[r̥é.ɔː]

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless alveolar trill:

Itsmanner of articulation istrill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
Itsplace of articulation isdental,alveolar orpost-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at thealveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most oftenapical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.^[1]
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Mongolian	Khalkha^[2]	самбар /sambar	[sɑmbɐr̪̊]	'blackboard'	Syllable-final allophone of[r̪] before voiceless consonants and in word-final position.^[2]

Alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dharumbal^[3]		barhi	[ˈbar̥i]	'stone'	Contrasts with/r/.
Dutch		ver	[vɛr̥]	'far'	Possible word-final allophone of/r/.
Estonian^[4]		^{[example needed]}			Word-final allophone of/r/ after/t,s,h/.^[4] SeeEstonian phonology
Icelandic		hrafn	[ˈr̥apn̥]	'raven'	Contrasts with/r/. For some speakers it may actually be avoiceless flap. Also illustrates[n̥]. SeeIcelandic phonology
Kildin Sámi		yҏҏт	[ˈur̥ːt]	'east'	Contrasts with /r/, /rʲ/, and /r̥ʲ/.
Konda^[5]		puRi	[pur̥i]	'ant hill'	Contrasts/ɾrr̥ɽ/.^[6]
Lezgian^[7]		крчар /krčar	[ˈkʰr̥t͡ʃar]	'horns'	Allophone of/r/ between voiceless obstruents.
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[8]	geer	[ɣeːr̥]	'odour'	Possible word-final allophone of/r/; may be uvular[ʀ̥] instead.^[9] SeeHasselt dialect phonology
Moksha		нархне /närhn'e	[ˈnar̥nʲæ]	'these grasses'	Contrasts with/r/:нарня[ˈnarnʲæ] "short grass". It has the palatalized counterpart/r̥ʲ/:марьхне[ˈmar̥ʲnʲæ] "these apples", butмарьня[ˈmarʲnʲæ] "little apple"
Nivkh	Amur dialect	р̌ы /řy	[r̥ɨ]	'door'	Contrasts with/r/. In the Sakhalin dialect, typically fricated ⟨r̝̊⟩.
Northern Sámi		čahrrat	[ˈt͡ʃar̥.r̥ah(t)]	'to talk or laugh noisily'
Polish		krtań	[ˈkr̥täɲ̟]	'larynx'	Allophone of/r/ when surrounded by voiceless consonants, or word finally after voiceless consonants. SeePolish phonology
Ukrainian^[10]		центр /centr	[t̪͡s̪ɛn̪t̪r̥]	'centre'	Word-final allophone of/r/ after/t/.^[10] SeeUkrainian phonology
Welsh		Rhagfyr	[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]	'December'	Contrasts with/r/. SeeWelsh phonology
Yaygirr		dirha	[ˈdir̥a]	'tooth'	Contrasts with/r/.
Zapotec	Quiegolani^[11]	rsil	[r̥sil]	'early'	Allophone of/r/.^[11]

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill

[edit]

Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
r̝̊
IPA number	122 402A 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	`r_0_r`

Avoiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to occur as a phoneme in any language, except possibly the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. It occurs allophonically in Czech.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless alveolar fricative trill:

Itsmanner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
Itsplace of articulation islaminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge,
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech^[12]^[13]		tři sta	[ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä]	'three hundred'	Allophone of/r̝/ after voiceless consonants;^[14]^[13] may be atapped fricative instead.^[13] SeeCzech phonology
Norwegian	Areas aroundNarvik^[15]	norsk	[nɔr̝̊k]	'Norwegian'	Allophone of the sequence/ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.^[15]
Norwegian	Some subdialects ofTrøndersk^[15]	norsk	[nɔr̝̊k]	'Norwegian'
Nivkh	(East) Sakhalin dialect	р̌ы^{[romanization needed]}	[r̝̊ɨ]	'door'	Contrasts with/r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized as ⟨r̥⟩.
Polish	Some dialects	przyjść	[ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ]	'to come'	Allophone of/r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with/ʐ/. Present in areas fromStarogard Gdański toMalbork and those south, west and northwest of them, area fromLubawa toOlsztyn toOlecko toDziałdowo, south and east fromWieleń, aroundWołomin, southeast fromOstrów Mazowiecka and west fromSiedlce, fromBrzeg toOpole and those north of them, and roughly fromRacibórz toNowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as/ʂ/, and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do so too.
Silesian	Gmina Istebna	^{[example needed]}			Allophone of/r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It is pronounced the same as/ʂ/ in most Polish dialects.
Silesian	Jablunkov	^{[example needed]}

Notes

[edit]

^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:228)
^^a ^bLuvsanvandan (1964), p. 184.
^Terrill (2002), p. 4.
^^a ^bAsu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
^Emeneau (1970), p. 70.
^Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
^Haspelmath (1993:35)
^Peters (2006)
^WhilePeters (2006) does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol ⟨r̥⟩ for many instances of the word-final/r/.
^^a ^bDanyenko & Vakulenko (1995:8)
^^a ^bRegnier (1993:11)
^Dankovičová (1999:70–71)
^^a ^b ^cŠimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
^Dankovičová (1999:70)
^^a ^b ^cFabiánová (2011:34–35)

References

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Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39 (3):367–372,doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 9783929075083
Emeneau, Murray Barnson (1970),Dravidian Comparative Phonology: A Sketch, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: Annamalai University
Fabiánová, Martina (2011),Srovnání české a norské fonetiky(PDF)
Haspelmath, Martin (1993),A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter,ISBN 3-11-013735-6
Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16),The Dravidian Languages, Cambridge University Press,doi:10.1017/cbo9780511486876,ISBN 978-0-521-77111-5,S2CID 62636490
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 0-631-19815-6

Luvsanvandan, Š. (1964), "The Khalkha-Mongolian Phonemic System",Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,17 (2):175–85,JSTOR 23656849

Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (1):117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Regnier, Sue (1993),"Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology",Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics,37, University of Dakota:37–63
Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012),"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42 (2):225–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
Terrill, Angela (2002),Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics,ISBN 0-85883-462-6

External links

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List of languages with[r̥] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless dentolabial fricative[f͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

v t e The letterR
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill[r̥] Voiced alveolar trill[r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant[ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap[ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap[ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap[ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant[ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap[ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill[ɽr] Voiced velar approximant[ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant[ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative[x] Voiced velar fricative[ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill[ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill[ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative[χ] Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative[ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative[h] Voiced glottal fricative[ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)