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Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate

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Consonantal sound

"Voiceless dental affricate" redirects here. For the sibilant affricate, seeVoiceless dental sibilant affricate.

Voiceless dental affricate

tθ

t̪θ

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Avoiceless dental non-sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. The symbols in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t͡θ⟩, ⟨t͜θ⟩, ⟨t̪͡θ⟩, and ⟨t̟͡θ⟩.

Features

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Features of a voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isdental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Note that most stops and liquids described as dental are actuallydenti-alveolar.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Burmese^[1]		သုံး / thon:	[t̪θóʊ̯̃]	'three'	Common realization of/θ/.^[1]
Chinese	Jiaoliao Mandarin,Yinan^[2]	攥 / zuàn	[t̪θɑ̃˥]	'grip'	Corresponds to/ts/ in other varieties.
Chipewyan^[3]		ddhéth	[t̪θɛ́θ]	'hide'	Contrasts unaspirated, aspirated and ejective affricates.^[3]
English	Dublin^[4]	think	[t̪θɪŋk]	'think'	Corresponds to[θ] in other dialects; may be[t̪] instead.^[4]
	Maori^[5]				Possible realization of/θ/.^[5] SeeNew Zealand English phonology
	New York City^[6]				Corresponds to[θ] in other dialects, may be a stop[t̪] or a fricative[θ] instead.^[6]^[7]
	Cajun^[7]
	Received Pronunciation^[8]	eighth	[eɪt̪θ]	'eighth'	In a limited set of word-final environments.
Greek		γοτθικός	[ɣo̞t̪θiˈko̞s]	'gothic'	Represented by ⟨τθ⟩, appears in some specific words.
Slave	Slave proper	eníddhę	[ɛ̀nít̪θɛ̃̀]	'we want'	Corresponds to/p/ or/kʷ/ in other varieties of Slave.

Notes

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^^a ^bWatkins (2001), p. 292.
^Shao, Liu & Shao (2010), p. 9.
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 91.
^^a ^bCollins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
^^a ^bWarren & Bauer (2004), p. 618.
^^a ^bLabov (1966), pp. 36–37.
^^a ^bCharpentier (2017), p. 5.
^Gimson (2014), p. 186.

References

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Charpentier, Dylan (Fall 2017). "1.2.1".Why Dey Talk Like Dat?: A Study of the Status of Cajun English as a Dialect or an Accent (Master of Arts thesis). Retrieved2024-08-19 – via ProQuest.
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981].The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden: Brill Publishers.ISBN 9004103406.
Gimson, A. C. (2014). Cruttenden, Alan (ed.).Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge.ISBN 9781444183092.
Labov, William (1966).The Social Stratification of English in New York City(PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-08-24. Retrieved2014-06-27.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Shao, Yanmei; Liu, Changfeng; Shao, Mingwu (2010).沂南方言志. 齐鲁书社.ISBN 978-7-5333-2223-6.
Warren, Paul; Bauer, Laurie (2004). "Maori English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.).A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 614–624.ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Watkins, Justin W. (2001)."Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.31 (2):291–295.doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.S2CID 232344700.

External links

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List of languages with[t̪θ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ