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Voiceless bilabial plosive

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨p⟩ in IPA
Voiceless bilabial plosive
p
IPA number101
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)p
Unicode(hex)U+0070
X-SAMPAp
Braille⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)
Image

Avoiceless bilabial plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound used in mostspokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless bilabial plosive:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • Itsplace of articulation isbilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips.
  • Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

[edit]
IPADescription
pplain p
pʰaspirated p
pˠvelarized p
pʲpalatalized p
pʷlabialized p
p̚p withno audible release
p̌voiced p
p͈tense p
pʼejective p

Occurrence

[edit]

Research has shown that incidental learning positively impacts the acquisition of the /p/ sound for Arabic speakers and other EFL learners.[1][2] This is particularly interesting given that the stop/p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a/b/. (Seevoiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is anareal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus theArabian Peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language, or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern.[2] It is found in other areas as well; for example,Fijian,Onge, and manyPapuan languages have/b/ but no/p/.

Nonetheless, the/p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain/p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. ManyIndo-Aryan languages, such asHindustani, have a two-way contrast between theaspirated/pʰ/ and the plain/p/ (also transcribed as[p˭] inextensions to the IPA).

Examples

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AbkhazАԥсны/Aṕsny[apʰsˈnɨ]'Abkhazia'
Adygheпаӏо /پائۆ / paio[paːʔʷa]ⓘ'hat'
ArabicAlgerianپاپيش/pāpīš[paːpiːʃ]'beautiful girls'
Hejaziبول/پول/pōl[po̞ːl]'Paul'Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers.
Egyptianكبش/kabš[kɛpʃ]'ram'Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords.
ArmenianEastern[3]պապիկ/papik[papik]ⓘ'grandpa'Contrasts withaspirated form
Assyrianܦܬܐpata[pata]'face'
Basqueharrapatu[(h)arapatu]'to catch'
Bengaliপথ[pɔtʰ]'road'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan[4]por[ˈpɔ(ɾ)]'fear'SeeCatalan phonology
Chuvashпутене/putene[put̬ʲɛ'nɛ]'quail'
Czechpes[pɛs]'dog'SeeCzech phonology
DanishStandard[5]bog[ˈpɔ̽wˀ]'book'Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. It may be partially voiced[b] in the intervocalic position.[6][7] It contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch[8]plicht[plɪxt]'duty'SeeDutch phonology
Englishpack[pʰæk]'pack'SeeEnglish phonology
Esperantotempo[ˈtempo]'time'SeeEsperanto phonology
Filipinopato[paˈto]'duck'
Finnishpappa[ˈpɑpːɑ]'grandpa'SeeFinnish phonology
French[9]pomme[pɔm]'apple'SeeFrench phonology
Gan ChineseNanchangnese把戲[pa˨˩ɕi˩]'magic'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNanchangnese phonology
GermanPack[pʰak]'pile'SeeStandard German phonology
Greekπόδι /pódi[ˈpo̞ði]'leg'SeeModern Greek phonology
Gujaratiપગ/pag[pəɡ]'foot'SeeGujarati phonology
Hakka ChineseMeizhounese河壩 /ho²ba⁴[ho˩pa˥]'river'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeMeizhounese phonology
Hebrewפּקיד/pakid[pakid]'clerk'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
HindustaniUrduپل/pal[pəl]'moment'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindiपल /pal
HmongWhite Hmong𖬒𖬶𖬪𖬵 /pov[po˨˦]'to throw'
Hungarianpápa[ˈpaːpɒ]'pope'SeeHungarian phonology
Italian[10]papà[paˈpa]'dad'SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[11]ポスト /posuto[posɯto]'mailbox'SeeJapanese phonology
Kabardianпэ /پە / pė[pa]ⓘ'nose'
Khmerពន្យល់ /pônyól[pɔnjɔl]'to explain'SeeKhmer phonology
Korean빛 /bit[pit̚]'light'SeeKorean phonology
KurdishNorthernپۆر /por[ˈpʰoːɾ]'hair'SeeKurdish phonology
Centralپیرۆزە / píroze[pʰiːɾoːzæ]'lammergeier'
Southernپۊنگه / pûûnga[pʰʉːŋa]'pennyroyal'
Lakotapúza[ˈpʊza]'dry'
Lithuanianpastatas[ˈpaːstɐtɐs]'building'SeeLithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[12]bëlleg[ˈpələɕ]'cheap'Less often voiced[b]. It is usually transcribed/b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed/p/.[12] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Macedonianпее/pee[pɛː]'sing'SeeMacedonian phonology
Malaypanas[pänäs]'hot'Oftenunreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [p̚] instead inlembap[ləmbap̚] 'damp'. SeeMalay phonology
Malteseaptit[apˈtit]'appetite'
MandarinDunganбонцу[pɑŋ˨˦t͡sʰou˨˦]'to assist'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeDungan phonology
Nanjingnese半大子[pɑŋ˦tɑ˦tsz̩]'teenager'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNanjingnese phonology
Sichuanese不算事 /bu² suan⁴ si⁴[pu˨˩suan˨˩˧sz̩˨˩˧]'ineffective'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeSichuanese phonology
Standard爆炸 /bàozhà[pɑʊ˥˩tʂa˥˩]ⓘ'to explode'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Xi'annese迸[pəŋ˦]'mattock'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeXi'annese phonology
Marathiपाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs[pɑːˈuːs]'rain'SeeMarathi phonology
Min ChineseHokkien咖啡 /ko-pi[ko˨pi˦]'coffee'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHokkien phonology
Teochew僻 /piah4[pʰiaʔ˨]'remote'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeTeochew phonology
Fuzhounese白撞 /băh-dâung[paʔ˨˩lɑuŋ˨˦˨]'trespasser'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeFuzhounese phonology
Mutsunpo·čor[poːt͡ʃor]'a sore'
Nepaliपिता/pitā[pit̪ä]'father'SeeNepali phonology
Norwegianpappa[pɑpːɑ]'dad'SeeNorwegian phonology
Odiaପଥର/pathara[pɔʈʰɔrɔ]'stone'Contrasts with aspirated form.
Pashtoپانير/pa'nir[pɑˈnir]'cheese'
Persianپول/pul[pul]'money'
Pirahãpibaóí[ˈpìbàóí̯]'otter'
Polish[13]pas[päs]ⓘ'belt'SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[14]pai[paj]'father'SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabiਪੱਤਾ/پتا / pattā[pət̪ːäː]'leaf'
Romanianpas[pas]'step'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[15]плод/plod[pɫot̪]'fruit'Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[16]пиће /piće[pǐːt͡ɕě]'drink'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakpes[pɛ̝s]'dog'
Slovenepes[pə̂s̪]'dog'SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[17]peso[ˈpe̞so̞]'weight'SeeSpanish phonology
Swahilipombe /پٗونْبٖ[ˈpoᵐbɛ]'beer'
Swedishapa[ˈɑːˌpa]'monkey'SeeSwedish phonology
Teluguపని[pani]'work'Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced asvoiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu.
Thaiแป้ง/paeng[pɛ̂ːŋ]'powder'SeeThai phonology
Tsezпу/pu[pʰu]'side'Contrasts with ejective form.
Turkishkap[ˈkʰɑp]'pot'SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[18]павук/pavuk[pɐˈβ̞uk]'spider'SeeUkrainian phonology
Vietnamese[19]nhíp[ɲip˧ˀ˥]'tweezers'SeeVietnamese phonology
Welshsiop[ʃɔp]'shop'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisianpanne[ˈpɔnə]'pan'
Wu ChineseShanghainese司必靈 /sy-piq-lin[sz̩˧pi̯ɪʔ˦lin˨]'spring'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeShanghainese phonology
Suzhounese標緻 /piau¹-tsyu⁵[pi̯æ˥tsz̩ʷ˨˩]'pretty'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeSuzhounese phonology
Wenzhounese眼淚八汁 /nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷[ŋalei̯po˥˧tsai̯˩˨]'tear'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeWenzhounese phonology
Yiꀠ /ba[pa˧]'exchange'Contrastsaspirated and unaspirated forms.
Yue ChineseCantonese豬頭丙 /zyu¹ tau⁴bing²[t͡ʃyː˥tʰɐu̯˨˩pɪŋ˧˥]'blockhead'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeCantonese phonology
Taishanese白[pak̚˧˩]'white'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeTaishanese phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ikpanik[panik]'daughter'
ZapotecTilquiapan[20]pan[paŋ]'bread'

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^"Impact of Watching Cartoons on Pronunciation of a Child in an EFL Setting: A Comparative Study with Problematic Sounds of EFL Learners – AWEJ". Retrieved2024-05-30.
  2. ^abAltakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Alsaraireh, Mohammad Yousef; Alhendi, Hiba (2022-10-01)."The impact of incidental learning on the acquisition of the sound /p/ by Arabic-speaking EFL learners".ExELL.10 (1):51–65.doi:10.2478/exell-2022-0010.
  3. ^Dum-Tragut (2009:17)
  4. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
  5. ^Basbøll (2005:61)
  6. ^Goblirsch (2018), pp. 134–5, citingFischer-Jørgensen (1952) andAbrahams (1949, pp. 116–21, 228–30).
  7. ^Puggaard-Rode, Horslund & Jørgensen (2022).
  8. ^Gussenhoven (1992:45)
  9. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  10. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  11. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  12. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013:67–68)
  13. ^Jassem (2003:103)
  14. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  15. ^Padgett (2003:42)
  16. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  17. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  18. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  19. ^Thompson (1959:458–461)
  20. ^Merrill (2008:108)

References

[edit]
  • Abrahams, Henrik (1949),Études phonétiques sur les tendances évolutives des occlusives germaniques, Aarhus University Press
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005),The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis,ISBN 0-203-97876-5
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fischer-Jørgensen, Eli (1952), "Om stemtheds assimilation", in Bach, H.; et al. (eds.),Festskrift til L. L. Hammerich, Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, pp. 116–129
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Goblirsch, Kurt (2018),Gemination, Lenition, and Vowel Lengthening: On the History of Quantity in Germanic, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-107-03450-1
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian",Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,21 (1):39–87,doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505,S2CID 13470826
  • Puggaard-Rode, Rasmus; Horslund, Camilla Søballe; Jørgensen, Henrik (2022), "The rarity of intervocalic voicing of stops in Danish spontaneous speech",Laboratory Phonology,13 (1),doi:10.16995/labphon.6449,hdl:1887/3304670
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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