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Voiceless bilabial nasal

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨m̥⟩ in IPA

Voiceless bilabial nasal
m̥
IPA number	114+402A
Audio sample
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Encoding
X-SAMPA	`m_0`
Braille

Avoiceless bilabial nasal (stop) is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m̥⟩, a combination of the letter for thevoiced bilabial nasal and adiacritic indicatingvoicelessness.

Features

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Features of a voiceless bilabial nasal:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is alsonasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Itsplace of articulation isbilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips.
Itsphonation is un-voiced, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Aleut^[1]		quhmax̂	[qum̥aχ]	'white'	Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word.
Alutiiq		keghmarluku	[kəɡm̥aχluku]	'bite it repeatedly'	Contrasts with voiced/m/.
Burmese^[2]		မှား/hma:	[m̥á]	'false'
Central Alaskan Yup'ik^[3]		pisteḿun	[ˈpistəm̥un]	'to the servant'
English	RP^[4]	stopme	[ˈstɒp͡m̥mɪ]	stop me
Estonian^[5]		lehm	[ˈlehm̥]	'cow'	Word-final allophone of/m/ after/t,s,h/.^[5] SeeEstonian phonology
French		prisme	[pχism̥]	'prism'	Allophone of word-final/m/ after voiceless consonants.^[6] SeeFrench phonology
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬌𖬣𖬵 /Hmoob	[m̥ɔ̃́]	'Hmong'	Contrasts with voiced/m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.^[7]
Icelandic		kempa	[cʰɛm̥pa]	'hero'	Allophonic variation of/m/ aspiratedplosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives:kemba[cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.^[8] SeeIcelandic phonology
Jalapa Mazatec^[9]		hma	[m̥a]	'black'	Contrasts with a voiced and alaryngealized bilabial nasal.
Kildin Sami^[10]		лēӎӎьк/ljeehmhmk	[lʲeːm̥ʲːk]	'strap'
Muscogee		camhcá:ka	[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]	'bell'	Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.^[11]
Northern Sámi		čáihmi	[ˈt͡ʃaːjːm̥iː]	'freckle'
Ukrainian^[12]		ритм/rytm	[rɪt̪m̥]	'rhythm'	Word-final allophone of/m/ after voiceless consonants.^[12] SeeUkrainian phonology
Washo^[13]		Mášdɨmmi	[ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi]	'he's hiding'
Welsh^[14]		fymhen	[vəm̥ɛn]	'my head'	Occurs as the nasalmutation of/p/. SeeWelsh phonology
Xumi	Lower^[15]	[m̥ɛ̃˦]		'medicine'	Contrasts with the voiced/m/.^[15]^[16]
Xumi	Upper^[16]	[m̥ɛ̃˦]		'medicine'	Contrasts with the voiced/m/.^[15]^[16]
Yi^[17]		ꂓhmi	[m̥i]	'name'

Notes

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^Bergsland (1997).
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
^Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
^Wells (1982), p. 282.
^^a ^bAsu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
^Walter (1977), p. 35.
^Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
^Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44.
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
^Kuruch (1985:529) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFKuruch1985 (help)
^Martin (2011), p. 64.
^^a ^bDanyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6.
^Jacobsen (1964), p. 54.
^Jones (1984:51)
^^a ^bChirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
^^a ^bChirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
^Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25.

References

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Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009)."Estonian".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.39 (3):367–372.doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x.
Bergsland, Knut (1997).Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska.ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6.
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013)."Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (3):363–379.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157.JSTOR 26347850. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-05-07.
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013)."Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (3):381–396.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2020-04-23.
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995).Ukrainian. München: Lincom Europa.ISBN 9783929075083.
Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.).A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64.De Gruyter.doi:10.1515/9783110308679.ISBN 9783110308679.ISSN 0933-7636.
Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964).A grammar of the Washo language (PhD).University of California, Berkeley – viaeScholarship.
Jacobson, Steven (1995).A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9.
Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.28 (1/2).Cambridge University Press:43–53.doi:10.1017/S002510030000623X.JSTOR 44526855.S2CID 143745742.
Jones, Glyn E. (1984). "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh". In Ball, Martin J.; Jones, Glyn E. (eds.).Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 40–64.ISBN 0-7083-0861-9.
Kuruch, Rimma (2006) [1985].Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка [Brief grammatical sketch of the Sami language](PDF) (in Russian).
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes".A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee).University of Nebraska Press.ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books.
Ratliff, Martha (2003). "Hmong secret languages: themes and variations". InBradley, David;LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd;Thurgood, Graham (eds.).Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinosphere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff.Australian National University. pp. 21–34.doi:10.15144/PL-555.21.hdl:1885/146727.ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
Walter, Henriette (1977).La phonologie du français.Presses universitaires de France – viaGoogle Books.Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde
Wells, John C. (1982).Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 0-521-24224-X.

External links

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List of languages with[m̥] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ