Movatterモバイル変換

Voiceless bilabial fricative

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɸ⟩ in IPA

"ɸ" redirects here. For the Greek letter, seePhi (letter). For the Cyrillic letter, seeEf (Cyrillic). For the Armenian letter, seePiwr (letter).

Voiceless bilabial fricative

IPA number 126

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɸ

Unicode(hex) U+0278

X-SAMPA p\

Braille

Image

Avoiceless bilabial fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩, a Latinised form of theGreek letter Phi.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiceless bilabial fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isbilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips.
Itsphonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, thecentral–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Ainu^{[citation needed]}		フチ	[ɸu̜tʃi]	'grandmother'	Allophone of/h/ before/u/
Angor^{[citation needed]}		fi	[ɸi]	'body'
Bengali	Eastern dialects	ফল	[ɸɔl]	'fruit'	Allophone of/f/ in some eastern dialects; regular allophone of/pʰ/ in western dialects
Damin		fiwi	[ɸiwi]	'boomerang'	May vary with prestopped[ᵖɸ]
English	Scouse	^{[example needed]}			Allophone of/p/. SeeBritish English phonology^[1]
Ewe^[2]		éƒá	[éɸá]	'he polished'	Contrasts with/f/
Italian	Tuscan^[3]	i capitani	[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]	'the captains'	Postvocalic allophone of/p/.^[3] SeeItalian phonology andTuscan gorgia.
Itelmen		чуфчуф	[tʃuɸtʃuɸ]	'rain'
Japanese^[4]		腐敗 /fuhai	[ɸɯhai]	'decay'	Allophone of/h/ before/ɯ/. SeeJapanese phonology
Kaingang		fy	[ɸɨ]	'seed'
Korean		후두개 /hudugae	[ɸʷudugɛ]	'epiglottis'	Allophone of/h/ before/u/ and/w/. SeeKorean phonology
Kwama^{[citation needed]}		[kòːɸɛ́]		'basket'
Māori		whakapapa	[ɸakapapa]	'genealogy'	Now more commonly /f/ due to the influence ofEnglish. SeeMāori phonology.
Nepali		बाफ	[bäɸ]	'vapour'	Allophone of /pʰ/. SeeNepali phonology
Odoodee^{[citation needed]}		pagai	[ɸɑɡɑi]	'coconut'
Okinawan		fifaci	[ɸiɸatɕi]	'type of spice'
Spanish	Some dialects^[5]^[6]	fuera	[ˈɸwe̞ɾa̠]	'outside'	Non-standard variant of/f/. SeeSpanish phonology
	North-CentralPeninsular^[7]	abdicar	[a̠ɸðiˈka̠ɾ]	'abdicate'	Allophone of/b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents -/p,t,k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops.
	Southern Peninsular^[8]	losvuestros	[lɔhˈɸːwɛhtːɾɔh]	'yours'	It varies with[βː] in some accents. Allophone of/b/ after/s/.
Shompen^[9]		[koɸeoi]		'bench'
Sylheti		ꠙꠥꠀ	[ɸua]	'boy'
Tahitian		ʻōfī	[ʔoːɸiː]	'snake'	Allophone of/f/
Taruma^[10]		fwa	[ɸʷa]	'fire'
Turkish	Some speakers^[11]	ufuk	[u̞ˈɸu̞k]	'horizon'	Allophone of/f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels.^[11] SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmen		fabrik	[ɸabrik]	'factory'
Yalë		dife	[diɸe]	'village'

References

[edit]

^Watson, Kevin (2007).Illustrations of the IPA: Liverpool English (Cambridge University Press ed.). Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37. pp. 351–360.
^Ladefoged (2005:156)
^^a ^bHall (1944:75)
^Okada (1999:118)
^Boyd-Bowman (1953:229)
^Cotton & Sharp (1988:15)
^"Microsoft Word - codaobs-roa.do"(PDF). Retrieved2019-04-21.
^Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
^"The language of the Shom Pen: a language isolate in the Nicobar Islands"(PDF).Mother Tongue.12:179–202.
^Serke, Anna K. (2022).A description of Taruma phonology (Thesis). Universitat Leiden.
^^a ^bGöksel & Kerslake (2005:6)

Sources

[edit]

Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1953), "Sobre la pronunciación del español en el Ecuador",Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica,7:221–233,doi:10.24201/nrfh.v7i1/2.310
Cotton, Eleanor Greet; Sharp, John (1988),Spanish in the Americas, Georgetown University Press,ISBN 978-0-87840-094-2
Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005),Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge,ISBN 978-0415114943
Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography".Italica.21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian:72–82.doi:10.2307/475860.JSTOR 475860.
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998),El Español hablado en Andalucía, Editorial Ariel,ISBN 84-344-8225-8

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɸ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ