| Voiced uvular trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʀ | |||
| IPA number | 123 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | ʀ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0280 | ||
| X-SAMPA | R\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
Avoiced uvular trill is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, asmall capital version of theLatin letterr. This consonant is one of several collectively calledguttural R.
Features of a voiced uvular trill:
There are two main hypotheses regarding the origin of the uvular trill in European languages. According to one hypothesis, the uvular trill originated in StandardFrench around the 17th century and spread to the standard varieties ofGerman,Danish,Portuguese, and some of those ofDutch,Norwegian andSwedish. It is also present in other areas of Europe, but it is not clear if such pronunciations are due to French influence.[3] In most cases, varieties have shifted the sound to avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ] or approximant[ʁ̞].
The other main hypothesis is that the uvular trill originated within Germanic languages through the weakening and vocalization of thealveolar trill[r] toward anopen back vowel[ɑ] (notable for itspharyngealization), with the uvular trill subsequently emerging as a strengthened articulation of this vocalization. Accordingly, there is ample evidence that the uvular trill existed in German dialects long before the 17th century, suggesting that while the French usage may have influenced its spread, it was not the ultimate origin.[4]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Parts of the formerCape Province[5] | rooi | [ʀoːi̯] | 'red' | May be a fricative[ʁ] instead.[5] SeeAfrikaans phonology |
| Arabic | North Mesopotamian | قمر | [ˈqʌmʌʀ] | 'moon' | Corresponds to [r, ɾ] in most other varieties. SeeArabic phonology |
| Breton | Kerneveg | bro | [bʀoː] | 'country' | Corresponds to [r~ʁ] in standard Breton. SeeBreton phonology |
| Catalan | Some northern dialects[6] | córrer | [ˈkoʀə] | 'to run' | SeeCatalan phonology |
| Dutch[7][8][9][10] | Belgian Limburg[11][12] | rood | [ʀoːt]ⓘ | 'red' | More commonly aflap.[13] Uvular pronunciations appear to be gaining ground in the Randstad.[14] Realization of/r/ varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology |
| Central Netherlands[15] | |||||
| Randstad[15] | |||||
| Southern Netherlands[15] | |||||
| Flemish Brabant[12] | More commonly aflap.[13] It is one of the least common realizations of/r/ in these areas.[16] SeeDutch phonology | ||||
| Northern Netherlands[15] | |||||
| West Flanders[12] | |||||
| Estonian | Some speakers, mostly inTartu County | kurk | [kuʀk] | 'cucumber' | |
| English | Cape Flats[17] | red | [ʀɛd] | 'red' | Possible realization of/r/; may be[ɹ~ɹ̝~ɾ~r] instead.[17] SeeSouth African English phonology |
| Northumbrian dialect[18] | More often africative.[18] Dialectal "Northumbrian Burr", mostly found in easternNorthumberland, declining. SeeEnglish phonology | ||||
| Sierra Leonean[18] | More often africative.[18] | ||||
| French[19] | rendez-vous | [ʀɑ̃devu]ⓘ | 'rendezvous', 'appointment' | Dialectal. More commonly an approximant or a fricative[ʁ]. SeeFrench phonology | |
| German | Standard[20] | rot | [ʀoːt]ⓘ | 'red' | In free variation with avoiced uvular fricative and approximant. Can be realized as voiceless after voiceless consonants. SeeStandard German phonology |
| Hebrew | ירוק | [jaˈʀok] | 'green' | May also be africative orapproximant. SeeModern Hebrew phonology | |
| Italian[1] | Some speakers[21] | raro | [ˈʀäːʀo] | 'rare' | Rendition alternative to the standard Italianalveolar trill[r], due to individualorthoepic defects and/or regional variations that make the alternative sound more prevalent, notably inSouth Tyrol (bordering with German-speaking Austria),Aosta Valley (bordering with France) and in parts of theParmaprovince, more markedly aroundFidenza. Other alternative sounds may be avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ] or alabiodental approximant[ʋ].[21] SeeItalian phonology. |
| Japreria | peŕo | [peʀo] | 'dog'[22] | Contrasts with flap [ɾ], represented orthographically by ŕ. | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | mujer | [muˈʒɛʀ] | 'woman', 'wife' | ||
| Low Saxon | Zwols[23][24] | priezen/prysen | [pʀi:zn̩] | 'prices' | Only in the city and its immediate surroundings, not in the area surrounding Zwolle. |
| Luxembourgish[25] | Rou | [ʀəʊ̯] | 'silence' | Prevocalic allophone of/ʀ/.[26] SeeLuxembourgish phonology | |
| Occitan | Eastern | garric | [ɡaʀi] | 'oak' | Contrasts with alveolar trill ([ɡari] 'cured') |
| Provençal | parts | [paʀ] | 'parts' | SeeOccitan phonology | |
| SouthernAuvergnat | garçon | [ɡaʀˈsu] | 'son' | ||
| SoutheasternLimousin | filh | [fʲiʀ] | |||
| Norwegian | Southerndialects | rar | [ʁ̞ɑːʁ̞] | 'strange' | Either an approximant or a fricative. SeeNorwegian phonology |
| Southwesterndialects | |||||
| Portuguese | European[27] | rarear | [ʀɐɾiˈaɾ] | 'to get scarcer' | Alternates with other uvular forms and the older alveolar trill. SeePortuguese phonology |
| Fluminense[28] | mercado | [me̞ʀˈkadu] | 'market', 'fair' | Tendency to be replaced by fricative pronunciations. Incoda position, it is generally in free variation with[x],[χ],[ʁ],[ħ] and[h] before non-voicing environments. | |
| Sulista[28] | repolho | [ʀe̞ˈpoʎ̟ʊ] | 'cabbage' | Alternates with the alveolar trill and[h] depending on the region. Never used in coda. | |
| Romani | Some dialects | rrom | [ʀom] | 'man' | Allophone of a descendant of the Indic retroflex set, so often transcribed/ɽ/. A coronal flap, approximant or trill in other dialects; in some it merges with/r/ |
| Selkup | Northern dialects | ӄаӄри | [ˈqaʀlɪ̈] | 'sledge' | Allophone of/q/ beforeliquids |
| Sioux | Lakota[29][30] | ǧí | [ʀí] | 'it's brown' | Allophone of/ʁ/ before/i/ |
| Sotho | Regional variant | moriri | [moʀiʀi] | 'hair' | Imported from French missionaries. SeeSesotho phonology |
| Swedish | Southern[31] | räv | [ʀɛːv] | 'fox' | SeeSwedish phonology |
| Yiddish | Standard[32] | בריק | [bʀɪk] | 'bridge' | More commonly a flap[ʀ̆]; can be alveolar[ɾ~r] instead.[32] SeeYiddish phonology |
| Voiced uvular fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| ʀ̝ |
Some languages have avoiced uvular fricative trill, which can be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʀ̝⟩.Teuthonista uses⟨ꭆ⟩ and⟨ʀ̑⟩, the first having strongerfrication.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Danish | Standard[33] | rød | [ʀ̝œ̠ð̠] | 'red' | Most often an approximant when initial.[34] In other positions, it can be either a fricative (also described as voiceless[χ]) or an approximant.[33] Also described as pharyngeal[ʕ̞].[35] It can be a fricative trill in word-initial positions when emphasizing a word.[36] SeeDanish phonology |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[37] | drei | [dʀ̝ɛi̯] | 'three' | Fricative trill; the fricative component varies between uvular and post-velar.[37][38] SeeMaastrichtian dialect phonology andWeert dialect phonology |
| Weert dialect[38] | drej | [dʀ̝æj] | |||
| West Flemish | Bruges dialect[39] | onder | [ˈuŋəʀ̝] | 'under' | A fricative trill with little friction. An alveolar[r] is used in the neighbouring rural area.[39] |
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