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Voiced uvular plosive

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with the Latin letterG or the Cyrillic Komi letterԌ.

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɢ⟩ in IPA

Voiced uvular plosive

IPA number 112

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɢ

Unicode(hex) U+0262

X-SAMPA G\

Braille

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Avoiced uvular plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. It is pronounced like avoiced velar plosive[ɡ], except that the tongue makes contact not on thesoft palate but on theuvula. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɢ⟩, asmall capital version of the Latin letterg.

[ɢ] is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars.^[1] Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or aretracted tongue root, whereas voiced stops often involve anadvanced tongue root: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have avoiced uvular fricative[ʁ] instead as the voiced counterpart of thevoiceless uvular plosive. Examples areInuit; severalTurkic languages such asUyghur; severalNorthwest Caucasian languages such asAbkhaz; as well as severalNortheast Caucasian languages such asIngush.

Features

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Features of a voiced uvular stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation isuvular, which means it is articulated with the back of thetongue (the dorsum) at theuvula.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Uvular

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Sudanese	بقرة	[bɑɢɑrɑ]	'cow'	Corresponds to/q/ inStandard Arabic. SeeArabic phonology
Arabic	Yemeni^[2]	قات	[ɢɑːt]^ⓘ	'Khat'	Some dialects.^[2] Corresponds to/q/ inStandard Arabic. SeeArabic phonology
English	Australian^[3]	gaudy	[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]	'gaudy'	Pre-uvular; allophone of/ɡ/ before/ʊoːɔoɪʊə/.^[3] SeeAustralian English phonology
Low German	Rügen dialect	lang	[la̱ɴɢ̥]	'long'
Ket^[4]		báŋquk	[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]	'cave in the ground'	Allophone of/q/ after/ŋ/.^[4]
Kwak'wala		ǥilakas'la	[ɢilakasʔla]	'thank you'
Lishan Didan	Urmi Dialect	בקא‎/baqqa	[baɢːɑ]	'frog'	Allophone of/q/ when between a vowel/sonorant and a vowel.
Malto		तेंग़े	[t̪eɴɢe]	'to tell'	Allophone of/ʁ/ after/ŋ/,/ʁ,ŋʁ/ is/h/ in Southern and Western dialects. SeeMalto#Phonology.
Mongolian		Монгол ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ	[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ]	'Mongolian'	Allophone of/g/ before back vowels, phonemic word-finally.
Nivkh		ньыӈӷан	[ɲɤŋɢæn]	'our dog'	Allophone of/q/
Persian	Iranian	قهوه	[ɢæhˈve]	'coffee'	SeePersian phonology.
Somali		Muqdisho	[muɢdiʃɔ]	'Mogadishu'	Allophone of/q/. SeeSomali phonology
Tabasaran		дугу	[d̪uɢu]	'he' (ergative)
Tlingit		ghooch	[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]	'hill'	Among some younger speakers, for standard[quːt͡ʃʰ]. SeeTlingit phonology
Tsakhur		къгяйэ	[ɢajɛ]	'stone'
Turkmen		gar	[ɢɑɾ]	'snow'	An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels
Xumi	Lower^[5]	[ɢʶo˩˥]		'to stew'	Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words.^[6] Corresponds to the cluster/Nɡ/ in Upper Xumi.^[7]

Pre-uvular

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Voiced pre-uvular plosive
ɢ̟
ɡ᫢

There is also avoiced post-velar orpre-uvular plosive^[8] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypicalvelar plosive. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ɢ̟⟩, (symbol denotes anadvanced ⟨ɢ⟩), ⟨ɡ̠⟩ or ⟨ɡ᫢⟩ (both symbols denote aretracted ⟨ɡ⟩).

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[3]	gaudy	[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]	'gaudy'	Pre-uvular; allophone of/ɡ/ before/ʊoːɔoɪʊə/.^[3] SeeAustralian English phonology
Yanyuwa^[9]		kuykurlu	[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]	'sacred'	Pre-uvular.^[9] Contrasts plain andprenasalized versions

Notes

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^Vaux (1999). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVaux1999 (help)
^^a ^bWatson (2002), p. 13.
^^a ^b ^c ^dMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
^^a ^bGeorg (2007), pp. 49, 67 and 77.
^Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
^Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365–366.
^Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 383, 387.
^Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

References

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Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013)."Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (3):363–379.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157.JSTOR 26347850. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-05-07.
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013)."Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River"(PDF).Journal of the International Phonetic Association.43 (3):381–396.doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2020-04-23.
Georg, Stefan (2007).A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak). Languages of Asia. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 78.doi:10.1163/ej.9781901903584.i-328.ISBN 978-90-04-21350-0.
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 0-631-19815-6
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009)."Phonetic (Narrow) Transcription of Australian English".An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University. Archived fromthe original on 2012-03-25.
Watson, Janet C. E. (2002).The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. The Phonology of the World's Languages. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780199257591.
Vaux, Bert (December 2001) [orig. pub. 1999, Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 7].A Note on Pharyngeal Features (Report). Version 2.

External links

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List of languages with[ɢ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ