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Voiced retroflex plosive

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Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɖ⟩ in IPA

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Voiced retroflex plosive

IPA number 106

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɖ

Unicode(hex) U+0256

X-SAMPA d`

Braille

Image

Avoiced retroflex plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is⟨ ɖ ⟩. Like all theretroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of ad, the letter that is used for the correspondingalveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such asHindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice)[ ɖ ].

Features

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Features of a voiced retroflex stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is amedian consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian	Astierna dialect	ḷḷingua	[ɖiŋɡwä]	'tongue'	Corresponds to/ʎ/ in other dialects. SeeChe Vaqueira
Balochi		ڈل‎/dèl	[ɖɪl]	'female donkey'
Bengali^[1]		ডাকাত	[ɖakat̪]	'robber'	Apical postalveolar.^[1] SeeBengali phonology
English	Indian dialects	dine	[ɖaɪn]	'to eat'	Corresponds to/d/ in other dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
English	General American	herd	[hɚɖ]	'herd'	Allophone of /d/ before /ɹ/ or /ɚ/
Fon		ɖù	[ɖù]	'to celebrate'
Gujarati^[2]		હાડ	[ɦaɖ]	'bone'	Subapical.^[2] SeeGujarati phonology
Hindustani^[3]^[4]		डालना/ڈالنا	[ɖaːlnaː]	'to put'	Apical postalveolar.^[4] SeeHindustani phonology
Javanese		ꦣꦲꦂ/dhahar/ڎاهار‎	[ɖahaɽ]	'to eat'
Kannada		ಅಡಸು	[ɐɖɐsu]	'to join'
Maba		kodrok/كٛڔٛك	[kɔɖɔk]	'false'
Malayalam		പടം/padam	[pɐɖɐm]	'picture' or 'movie'	SeeMalayalam phonology
Marathi^[2]		हाड	[haːɖ]	'bone'	Subapical.^[2] SeeMarathi phonology
Nepali		डर	[ɖʌr]	'fear'	Apical postalveolar. SeeNepali phonology
Nihali		[biɖum]		'one'
Norwegian		varde	[ˈʋɑɖːə]	'beacon'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Odia		ଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā	[ɖɔŋga]	'boat'	Apical postalveolar.
Pashto		ډﻙ	[ɖak]	'full'
Punjabi		ਡੱਡੂ	[ɖəɖːu]	'frog'
Sardinian		cherveddu	[keɾˈveɖːu]^ⓘ	'brain'
Sicilian		coḍḍu	[kɔɖːu]	'neck'
Sindhi		واڍو/vāḍho/वाढो	[ʋɑɖʱo]	'carpenter'
Sinhala		බඩ	[baɖə]	'stomach'
Somali		dhul	[ɖul]	'earth, land, ground'	SeeSomali phonology
Swedish		nord	[nuːɖ]^ⓘ	'north'	SeeSwedish phonology
Tamil^[2]^[5]		வண்டி	[ʋəɳɖi]	'cart'	Subapical;^[2] allophone of/ʈ/.^[5] SeeTamil phonology
Telugu		కడ్డి	[kɐɖːi]	'rod'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated asbreathy consonant.
Torwali^[6]		ڈىغو	[ɖiɣu]	'late afternoon'	Realised as[ɽ] between vowels.

Notes

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References

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Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):111–116,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39 (3):337–380,doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996),The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell,ISBN 0-631-19815-6
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001),"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"(PDF),M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Masica, Colin P. (1991),The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 0-521-29944-6
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920],The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,ISBN 8120614526
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966],Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,ISBN 81-225-0017-X

External links

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List of languages with[ɖ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ