Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Voiced retroflex fricative

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʐ⟩ in IPA

Voiced retroflex fricative

IPA number 137

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʐ

Unicode(hex) U+0290

X-SAMPA z`

Braille

Image

Avoiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ⟩. Like all theretroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of az (the letter used for the correspondingalveolar consonant).

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced retroflex sibilant:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish betweenapical[ʐ̺] andlaminal[ʐ̻].

The frequency of[ʐ] cross-linguistically is 2% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.^[1]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		абжа/abža	[ˈabʐa]	'half'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		жъы /jı /ظہـ	[ʐ̻ə]^ⓘ	'old'	Laminal.
Awetí^[2]		[pɨtiˈʐɨk˺]		'to pray'	Diachronically related to[ɾ] and also to some other alveolar sounds in certain occasions. As word lists created in the 1900s appoint for[ɾ] where there is[ʐ] now, the latter sound is supposed to be the result of a very recent sound change that is analogically happening inWaurá.^[2]
Chinese	Mandarin	肉/ròu	[ʐoʊ̯˥˩]^ⓘ	'meat'	Also transcribed as aretroflex approximant[ɻ] depending on accent and dialect. SeeMandarin phonology.
Chinese	Changshu dialect	常熟	/dʐan ʐɔʔ/ [tʂʱä̃233ʐɔʔ23] (withouttone sandhi)	'Changshu'	Pronounced [ʂʱ] when occurring at the first syllable. A native Wu Chinese speaker may reduce it a sound closer to aretroflex approximant[ɻ] (similar to the Standard Mandarinr) when trying to force a unnatural voiced pronunciation on the first syllable.
Faroese		renn	[ʐɛn]	'run'
Lower Sorbian^[3]^[4]		Łužyca	[ˈwuʐɨt͡sa]	'Lusatia'
Mapudungun^[5]		rayen	[ʐɜˈjën]	'flower'	May be[ɻ] or[ɭ] instead.^[5]
Marrithiyel	Marri Tjevin dialect	[wiˈɲaʐu]		'they are laughing'	Voicing is non-contrastive.
Mehináku^[6]		[ɨˈʐũte]		'parrot'	Resulted from thevoicing of/ʂ/ in between vowels.^[6]
Pashto	Southern dialect	تږى/tâjai‎	[ˈtəʐai]	'thirsty'	SeePashto phonology
Polish	Standard^[7]	żona	[ˈʐ̻ɔn̪ä]^ⓘ	'wife'	Also represented orthographically by⟨rz⟩ and, when written so, may be instead pronounced as theraised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.^[8] It is transcribed as/ʒ/ by most Polish scholars. SeePolish phonology
	Southeastern Cuyavian dialects^[9]	zapłacił	[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]	'he paid'	Some speakers. It is a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of/ʐ/ and/z/ into[z] (seeSzadzenie).
	Suwałki dialect^[10]	zapłacił	[ʐäˈpwät͡ɕiw]	'he paid'
Romagnol		diṣ	[ˈdiːʐ]	'ten'	Apical; may be[z̺ʲ] or[ʒ] instead.
Russian	Standard^[7]	жена/žená	[ʐɨ̞ˈna]^ⓘ	'wife'	Concave apical postalveolar, no true subapicality as expected from retroflexes.^[11] Tend to be labialised and/ or velarised.^[12] SeeRussian phonology
Russian	Most speakers in most words	заезжа́ть/ zajezžátʹ	[zə(j)ɪˈʐːatʲ]^ⓘ	'to call in casually /to drive into'	Modern pronunciation of older/ʑː/ often derived from underlying/zʐ/ or/sʐ/. Subsists as such in some words for conservativeMoskovite accents.^[12]
Serbo-Croatian		жут /žut	[ʐûːt̪]	'yellow'	Typically transcribed as /ʒ/. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Shina	Gilgiti^[13]	ڙَکُݨ /ẓakuṇ	[ʐəkuɳ]	'donkey'
Shina	Kohistani	ڙَکُݨ /ẓakuṇ	[ʐəkuɳ]	'donkey'
Slovak^[14]		žaba	[ˈʐäbä]	'frog'
Spanish	Andean	hacer	[a'seʐ]	'do'	The phoneme/r/ changes to[ʐ], when it is at the end of a syllable
Spanish	Andean	marrón,ratón	[maˈʐon],[ʐa'ton]	'brown', 'mouse'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish	Central dialects^[15]	rå	[ʐʊə̰̑˧˥˨]^ⓘ	'raw'	Apical. Allophone of rhotic, may also be pronounced[ɹ],[r] or[ɾ].^[15]^[16] SeeSwedish phonology
Taruma^[17]		hoza	[ˈho.ʐa]	'rain'	Main allophone of a marginal retroflex phoneme, with[ɖʐ] as quasi-allohpone word initially before/ɨ/.^[17]
Tilquiapan Zapotec^[18]		?	[ʐan]	'bottom'
Torwali^[19]		ݜوڙ	[ʂuʐ]	'straight'
Ubykh		[ʐa]		'firewood'	SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian		жaбa/žaba	[ˈʐɑbɐ]	'frog'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian	Some dialects^[20]^[21]	^{[example needed]}			Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to[ʒ] in the standard language.^[3]
Yi		ꏜry	[ʐʐ̩˧]	'grass'

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative

[edit]

Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative
ɻ˔
IPA number	152 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	r\`_r

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Eastern Cape^[22]	red	[ɻ˔ed]	'red'	Apical; typical realization of/r/ in that region.^[22] SeeSouth African English phonology

Citations

[edit]

^Phoible.org. (2018). PHOIBLE Online – Segments. [online] Available at:http://phoible.org/parameters.
^^a ^bDrude (2020), p. 190.
^^a ^bŠewc-Schuster (1984:40–41)
^Zygis (2003:180–181, 190–191)
^^a ^bSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^^a ^bFelipe (2020), pp. 87–89.
^^a ^bHamann (2004:65)
^"Gwary polskie – Frykatywne rż (ř)". Archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved2013-11-06.
^"Gwary polskie – Gwara regionu".www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived fromthe original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved14 January 2022.
^"Gwary polskie – Szadzenie".www.gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Archived fromthe original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved14 January 2022.
^Hamann (2004:56, 64)
^^a ^bYanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015),"Russian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (2): 224,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395
^Ziya, Muhammad Amin (2010).ݜِناٗ - اُردو لغت [Gilti Shina Urdu Dictionary] (in Urdu). Gilgit: Zia Publications.ISBN 978-969-942-00-8-.{{cite book}}:Check|isbn= value: length (help)
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
^^a ^bElert, Claes-Christian (2000).Allmän och svensk fonetik [General and Swedish phonetics] (in Swedish) (8 ed.). Stockholm: Norstedts. p. ?.ISBN 91-1-300939-7.
^Andersson, Erik (2002). "Swedish". In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.).The Germanic Languages. Routledge language family descriptions. Routledge. p. 273.ISBN 0-415-28079-6.
^^a ^bSerke, Anna (2022).A description of Taruma phonology (Master thesis). Leiden: Universiteit Leiden. pp. 26–27.Archived from the original on 14 July 2025.
^Merrill (2008:109)
^Lunsford (2001:16–20)
^Šewc-Schuster (1984:41)
^Zygis (2003:180)
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:165)

References

[edit]

Hamann, Silke (2004),"Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):53–67,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001604,S2CID 2224095
Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010),"Slovak"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,40 (3):373–378,doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001),"An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan"(PDF),M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):87–96,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984),Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
Zygis, Marzena (2003), "Phonetic and Phonological Aspects of Slavic Sibilant Fricatives",ZAS Papers in Linguistics,3:175–213,doi:10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.191
Drude, Sebastian (2020), "A Fonologia do Awetí",Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas (in Brazilian Portuguese),3 (2): 190,doi:10.18468/rbli.2020v3n2.p183-205,S2CID 234223262
Felipe, Paulo Henrique Pereira Silva de (2020),Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua mehináku (arawak) (Thesis), pp. 87–89,hdl:20.500.12733/1640175

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ʐ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ