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Voiced retroflex approximant

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɻ⟩ in IPA

Voiced retroflex approximant

IPA number 152

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɻ

Unicode(hex) U+027B

X-SAMPA r\`

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Avoiced retroflex approximant is a type ofconsonant used in somelanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɻ⟩, a turned lowercase letterr with a rightward hook protruding from the lower right of the letter.

Thevelar bunched approximant found in some varieties ofDutch andAmerican English are identical to a retroflex approximant in sound but has a very different articulation.

Features

[edit]

A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced retroflex approximant [ɻ]

Features of the voiced retroflex approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
Itsplace of articulation isretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulatedsubapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it ispostalveolar without beingpalatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can beapical (pointed) or, in some fricatives,laminal (flat).
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Family	Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Sinitic	Chinese	Mandarin	肉ròu	[ɻ̺oʊ̯˥˩]	'meat'	Apical.^[1] Can be transcribed as fricative[ʐ]. SeeStandard Chinese phonology
Nungish	Derung		Tvrung	[tə˧˩ɻuŋ˥˧]	'Derung'
Germanic	English	SomeAmerican dialects	red	[ɻ(ʷ)ɛd]	'red'	Labialized (pronounced with lips rounded). SeePronunciation of English /r/
		SomeHiberno-English dialects
		SomeWest Country English
Arnhem	Enindhilyagwa		angwura	[aŋwuɻa]	'fire'
Germanic	Faroese^[2]		hoyrdi	[hɔiɻʈɛ]	'heard'	Allophone of/ɹ/.^[2] Sometimes voiceless[ɻ̊].^[2] SeeFaroese phonology
Hellenic	Greek	Cretan (Sfakia andMylopotamos variations) region^[3]	γάλαgála	[ˈɣaɻa]	'milk'	Intervocalic allophone of/l/ before/a,o,u/. Recessive. SeeModern Greek phonology
Eskimo-Aleut	Inuktitut	Nattilingmiutut	kiuřuq	/kiuɻuq/	'she replies'
Dravidian	Malayalam		ആഴം/āḻam	[aːɻɐm]	'depth'
Mapudungun	Mapuche^[4]		rayen	[ɻɜˈjën]	'flower'	Possible realization of/ʐ/; may be[ʐ] or[ɭ] instead.^[4]
Romance	Portuguese	ManyCentro-Sul registers	cartas	[ˈkaɻtə̥̆s]	'letters'	Allophone of rhotic consonants (and sometimes/l/) in thesyllable coda. Mainly^[5] found in ruralSão Paulo,Paraná, south ofMinas Gerais and surrounding areas, with the more common andprestigious realization in metropolitan areas being[ɹ] and/orrhotic vowel instead. As with[ɽ], it appeared as a mutation of[ɾ].^[6]^[7]^[8] SeePortuguese phonology.
		Caipira	temporal	[tẽɪ̯̃pʊˈɾaɻ]	'rainstorm'
		ConservativePiracicabano	grato	[ˈgɻatʊ̥]	'thankful' (m.)
Dravidian	Tamil^[9]		தமிழ்/Tamiḻ	[t̪əˈmɨɻ]^ⓘ	'Tamil'	SeeTamil phonology. May be merged with[ɭ] for some modern speakers.
Pama-Nyungan	Western Desert	Pitjantjatjara dialect	Uluṟu	[ʊlʊɻʊ]	'Uluru'
Isolate	Yaghan		wárho	[ˈwaɻo]	'cave'

Notes

[edit]

^Lee, Wai-Sum (1999).An articulatory and acoustical analysis of the syllable-initial sibilants and approximant in Beijing Mandarin(PDF). Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences.S2CID 51828449.
^^a ^b ^cÁrnason (2011), p. 115.
^Trudgill (1989), pp. 18–19.
^^a ^bSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 90.
^Brandão, Silvia Figueiredo (15 December 2007)."Nas trilhas do -R retroflexo".Signum: Estudos da Linguagem.10 (2): 265.doi:10.5433/2237-4876.2007v10n2p265.
^Ferraz, Irineu da Silva (2005).Características fonético-acústicas do /r/ retroflexo do portugues brasileiro : dados de informantes de Pato Branco (PR) (Thesis).hdl:1884/3955.
^(in Portuguese)Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis.Archived 2013-09-26 at theWayback Machine Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
^(in Portuguese) Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar Editora 2001, p. 24
^Keane (2004), p. 111.

References

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Árnason, Kristján (2011),The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):111–116,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):87–96,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
Trudgill, Peter (1989), "The Sociophonetics of /l/ in the Greek of Sphakiá",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,15 (2):18–22,doi:10.1017/S0025100300002942,S2CID 143943154

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɻ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

v t e The letterR
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill[r̥] Voiced alveolar trill[r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant[ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap[ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap[ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap[ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant[ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap[ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill[ɽr] Voiced velar approximant[ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant[ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative[x] Voiced velar fricative[ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill[ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill[ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative[χ] Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative[ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative[h] Voiced glottal fricative[ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)

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Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links