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Voiced dental and alveolar trills

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected fromVoiced postalveolar trill)

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨r⟩ in IPA

"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the Englishr sound often transcribed/r/ for convenience, seePostalveolar approximant. For otherr-like consonants, seeRhotic consonant.

Avoiced alveolar trill is a type ofconsonantal sound used in some spokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that representsdental,alveolar, andpostalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩. It is commonly called therolled R,rolling R, ortrilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages likeEnglish andGerman that haverhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

In manyIndo-European languages, a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more.^[1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations includeAlbanian,Spanish,Cypriot Greek, and a number ofArmenian andPortuguese dialects.^{[citation needed]}

People withankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues.^[2]^[3]

Voiced alveolar trill

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"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, seeVoiceless alveolar trill.

Voiced alveolar trill

IPA number 122

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) r

Unicode(hex) U+0072

X-SAMPA r

Braille

Image

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced alveolar trill:

Itsmanner of articulation istrill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
Itsplace of articulation may be

dental (behind the upper front teeth),

alveolar (at thealveolar ridge), or

post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).

It is most oftenapical, which means it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.^[4]
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36–44 Hz tongue oscillations.

Dental

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Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Hungarian^[5]	arra	[ɒr̪ːɒ]	'that way'	Laminal dental. SeeHungarian phonology
Marshallese^[6]	dik^[7]	[r̪ʲik]	'to be small'	Palatalized. The language's two other rhotic phonemes,/rˠ/ (velarized) and/rʷ/ (rounded), arepost-alveolar.
Romanian^[8]	repede	[ˈr̪e̞pe̞d̪e̞]	'quickly'	Apical. SeeRomanian phonology
Russian^[9]	рьяный/ŕjaný	[ˈr̪ʲjän̪ɨ̞j]	'zealous'	Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization.^[9] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. SeeRussian phonology

Alveolar

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard^[10]	rooi	[roːi̯]	'red'	May be a tap[ɾ] instead.^[10] SeeAfrikaans phonology
Arabic	Modern Standard	رأى/ra'á	[raʔaː]	'saw' (verb)	In free variation with[ɾ] by many speakers.
Aragonese		sotarraño	[sotaˈraɲo]	'basement'	Allophone of /ɾ/.
Armenian	Eastern^[11]	ռումբ/ŕumb	[rumb]^ⓘ	'cannonball'	^{[citation needed]}
Asturian		ferramienta	[feraˈmjeŋta]	'tool'	Allophone of /ɾ/.
Bengali		রাত/rat	[rat̪]	'night'	More commonly [ɾ ~ɹ] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against[ɾ], which occurs medially and finally. SeeBengali phonology
Breton		roue	[ruːe]	'king'	Dominant in and aroundLéon andMorbihan while many other dialects have adopted thevoiced uvular fricative. SeeBreton phonology
Bulgarian		работа/rabota	[ˈrabotə]	'work'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Chuvash		арăслан/araslan	[arəs'lan]	'lion'	^{[citation needed]}
Czech^[12]		chlor	[xlɔ̝ːr]	'chlorine'	Contrasts with/r̝/; may be syllabic. SeeCzech phonology
Danish	Few speakers of theJutlandic dialect^[13]	^{[example needed]}			Corresponds to much more back[ʁ~ʕ] in standard Danish. SeeDanish phonology
Dutch	Standard	raam	[raːm]	'window'	SeeDutch phonology
English	Scottish	curd	[kʌrd]	'curd'	Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ɾ ~ɹ] in others. SeeEnglish phonology
English	Welsh^[14]	bright	[braɪt]	'bright'	Some dialects underWelsh influence. Corresponds to[ɾ~ɹ] in others.
Estonian		korrus	[ˈkorːus]	'floor'	SeeEstonian phonology
Finnish		raaka	[ˈrɑːkɑ]^ⓘ	'raw'	SeeFinnish phonology
Greek	Standard^[15]	άρτος/ártos	[ˈartos]	'artos'	Allophone of/ɾ/. Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant.^[15] SeeModern Greek phonology
Greek	Cypriot^[16]^[17]	βορράς/vorras	[vorˈras]	'north'	Contrasts with/ɾ/.
Hindustani	Hindi	पत्थर /patthar	[pət̪t̪ʰər]	'stone'	SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	پتھر /patthar	[pət̪t̪ʰər]	'stone'	SeeHindustani phonology
Indonesian		getar	[gətar]	'vibrate'	SeeIndonesian phonology
Italian^[18]		terra	[ˈt̪ɛrːä]^ⓘ	'earth'	SeeItalian phonology
Japanese	Shitamachi dialect	からkara	[kara]	'from'	Allophone of /ɾ/. SeeJapanese phonology.
Japanese	Kansai dialect	からkara	[kara]	'from'	Allophone of /ɾ/. SeeJapanese phonology.
Kele^[19]		[ⁿrikei]		'leg'
Khmer		ត្រី /trey	[trəj]	'fish' or 'three'	SeeKhmer phonology
Kyrgyz^[20]		ыр/ır	[ɯr]	'song'
Latvian^[21]		rags	[räks̪]	'horn'	SeeLatvian phonology
Lithuanian		ir	[ɪr]	'and'	SeeLithuanian phonology
Malay	Standard	کورڠ /kurang	[kuraŋ]	'less'	May be postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠], or more commonly, flap[ɾ]. Silent in word-final position for speakers of 'schwa-varieties'. SeeMalay phonology
	Brunei				Corresponds to/ɣ/ and/ʁ/ in other Malay varieties
	Sabah				Corresponds to/ɣ/ and/ʁ/ in other Malay varieties
Malayalam		പാറ/paara	[paːrɐ]	'rock'	SeeMalayalam phonology
Mandarin	Huguang Southwestern Mandarin	鋸子	[tɕy˦˩˨r̩]	'saw'	Found in the suffix子 in various localities, including by not limited toChuandian [zh] (inJingzhou),^[22]Zhongxiang,^[23]Yicheng,Jingmen, andJiangling.^[24]
Nepali		घर्रा/ghórra	[ɡʱʌrːä]	'drawer'	SeeNepali phonology
Polish^[25]		krok	[krɔk]^ⓘ	'step'	Usually realized as[ɾ]. SeePolish phonology.
Portuguese		rato	[ratu]	'mouse'	Contrasts with/ɾ/. Manynorthern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. SeePortuguese phonology andGuttural R.
Scots		bricht	[brɪçt]	'bright'
Scottish Gaelic		ceàrr	[kʲaːrˠ]	'false'	Velarized. Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or asrr, or before consonantsd,t,l,n,s; otherwise avoiced alveolar tap. Contrasts with/ɾʲ/ and/ɾ/ intervocally and word-finally. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[26]^[27]		рт /rt	[r̩t]	'cape'	May be syllabic.^[28] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak^[29]		krk	[kr̩k]	'neck'	May be atap, particularly when not syllabic.
Slovene^[30]		riž	[ríːʃ]	'rice'	Also described as tap[ɾ],^[31] and variable between trill[r] and tap[ɾ].^[32] SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish^[33]		perro	[ˈpe̞ro̞]^ⓘ	'dog'	Contrasts with/ɾ/. SeeSpanish phonology
Swedish	Some West coast and Northern dialects	bra	[brɑː]	'good'	SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalog		rambutan	[rɐmbuˈtan]	'rambutan'	Allophone of the more common[ɾ], especially with moreconservative speakers.^[34] SeeTagalog phonology
Tamil		பறவை/paravai	[paraʋaɪ̯]	'bird'	SeeTamil phonology
Thai	Standard	ชลบุรี/chonbùri	[tɕ͡ʰōn.bù.rīː]^ⓘ	'Chonburi'
Titan^[19]		[ⁿrakeiʔin]		'girls'
Ukrainian		рух/rukh	[rux]^ⓘ	'motion'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Welsh		Rhagfyr	[ˈr̥aɡvɨr]	'December'	Contrasts with thevoiceless alveolar trill,/r̥/. SeeWelsh phonology
Wu Chinese	Xuanzhou Wu (Qiugong locality)	弟	[ri˥˧]	'younger brother'	Found in various Xuanzhou localities, with that of Qiugongresidential community,Shuiyang township [zh],Xuanzhou District,Xuanzhou prefecture provided. Equivalent to/d/ in other Wu varieties (cf.Shanghainese[di˩˦]).^[35]
Yiddish	Standard^[36]	בריק/brik	[brɪk]	'bridge'	More commonly a flap[ɾ]; can be uvular[ɢ̆~ʀ] instead.^[36] SeeYiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[37]	r-ree	[rɘˀɘ]	'go out (habitually)'	Underlyingly sequence of two/ɾ/.

Post-alveolar

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Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan^[38]	ruc	[ˈr̠uk]	'donkey'	Contrasts with/ɾ/. SeeCatalan phonology
Gokana^[39]	bele	[bēr̠ē]	'we'	Allophone of/l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be apostalveolar tap or simply[l] instead.^[39]
Marshallese^[40]	raj^[41]	[r̠ˠɑtʲ]	'whale'	/rˠ/ isvelarized and/rʷ/ isrounded. Another rhotic phoneme in the language,/rʲ/, isdental andpalatalized.
roj^[42]	[r̠ʷɔtʲ]	'ebb tide'
Russian^[9]	играть/igrať	[ɪˈɡr̠ätʲ]	'to play'	Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. SeeRussian phonology

Variable

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	Standard^[43] (chiefly areas with Upper German or Low German influence as well as immigrant speakers)	Schmarrn	[ʃmarn]	'nonsense'	Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be atap instead.^[43] SeeStandard German phonology

Voiced alveolar fricative trill

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Voiced alveolar fricative trill
r̝
r̻
IPA number	122 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	`r_r`

InCzech, there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, writtenr, there is another laminal trill, writtenř, in words such asrybáři[ˈrɪbaːr̝ɪ] 'fishermen' and the common surnameDvořák. Its manner of articulation is similar to[r] but islaminal and the body of the tongue israised. It is thus partiallyfricative, with the frication sounding rather like[ʒ] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous[r] and[ʒ], and some speakers tend to pronounce it as[rʐ],[ɾʒ], or[ɹʒ]. In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨r⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨r̝⟩, but it has also been written as laminal ⟨r̻⟩.^[44] (Before the 1989IPA Kiel Convention, it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ɼ⟩.) TheKobon language ofPapua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable. TheKpwe language of Cameroon has been reported to have a similar sound.

Features

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Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:

Itsmanner of articulation is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced simultaneously.
Itsplace of articulation islaminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Examples

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Czech^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]		čtyři	[ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ]^ⓘ	'four'	May be anon-sibilant fricative.^[46] It contrasts with/r/ and/ʒ/. SeeCzech phonology
Dzongkha^[49]		རུ་ཏོག་/ru-tog	[r̝uto]	'bone'	Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
Kashubian^[50]		rzéka	[r̝eka]	'river'	Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.^[50]
Kobon		ram	[ɾ̝̊am]	'house'	Amount of frication variable. May also be africative flap^{[citation needed]}
Ormuri	Standard (Kaniguram)	تڒګب/tařgab	[tɑr̝geb]	'summer'	Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect.
Polish	Some dialects^[51]	rzeka	[r̝ɛka]	'river'	Contrasts with/r/ and/ʐ/. Present in areas fromStarogard Gdański toMalbork^[51] and those south, west and northwest of them,^[51] area fromLubawa toOlsztyn toOlecko toDziałdowo,^[51] south and east ofWieleń,^[51] aroundWołomin,^[51] southeast ofOstrów Mazowiecka^[51] and west ofSiedlce,^[51] fromBrzeg toOpole and areas to the north,^[51] and roughly fromRacibórz toNowy Targ.^[51] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with/ʐ/,^[51] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.^[51] SeePolish phonology
Portuguese^[52]	European	os rins	[uˈr̝ĩʃ]	'the kidneys'	Possible realization of the sequence/sr/ for speakers who realize/r/ as[r].^[52] SeePortuguese phonology
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[53]	umrził	[ˈumr̝iw]	'(he) died'	Contrasts with/r/ and/ʒ/. Merges with/ʐ/ in most Polish dialects.
Silesian	Jablunkov^[53]	^{[example needed]}
Slovak	Northern dialects^[51]^[54]	řyka	[ˈr̝ɪkä]	'river'	Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.^[51] SeeSlovak phonology
Spanish		rana	[ˈr̝änä]	'frog'	Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ].
Chicahuaxtla Trique^[55]		raꞌa	[rᶾa˧ʔaː˧] or[r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧]	'hand'	Initial allophone of /r/.
Tsakonian^[56]		ρζινοδίτζη	[r̝inoðitɕi]	'justice of the peace'	/ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.

Notes

[edit]

^Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
^Chaubal & Dixit (2011), pp. 270–272.
^Mayo Clinic (2012).
^Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 228.
^Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76,Szende (1999), p. 104
^Bender (1969), p. xv
^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
^Ovidiu Drăghici,Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie(PDF), retrievedApril 19, 2013^{[dead link]}
^^a ^b ^cSkalozub (1963), p. ?; cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 221
^^a ^bLass (1987), p. 117.
^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
^Pultrová (2013), p. 22.
^Torp (2001), p. 78.
^Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003).Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance. University of Wales Press. p. 73.ISBN 9781783162086.
^^a ^bArvaniti (2007), pp. 14–18
^Arvaniti (2010), pp. 3–4.
^"βορράς",Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database, Ερευνητικό Πρόγραμμα Συντυσές, 2011, archived fromthe original on 13 April 2021, retrieved5 March 2014
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^^a ^bLadefoged (2005), p. 165
^Kara (2003), p. 11.
^Nau (1998), p. 6.
^Lu, Liuxin (2023), "荆州方言后缀"子"的泛化现象研究",今古文創 (in Chinese) (28), Yichang: China Three Gorges University:134–136
^Wen, Ming (2011), "钟祥方言的颤音",语文知识 (in Chinese) (2), Chongqing: Southwest University
^Su, Junbo (2019), "再谈湖北方言的颤音" [More on the Trill in Hubei Dialects],Dialect (in Chinese) (2), Wuhan:228–232
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^Kordić (2006), p. 5.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
^Kordić (2006), p. 4.
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
^Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 135.
^Greenberg (2006), pp. 17 and 20.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^Schachter and Reid (2008)
^Jiang, Bingbing (2003),吴语宣州片方言音韵研究, Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, p. 41–42,ISBN 7-5617-3299-6
^^a ^bKleine (2003), p. 263
^Merrill (2008), p. 109.
^Recasens & Pallarès (1995), p. 288. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRecasensPallarès1995 (help)
^^a ^bL.F. Brosnahan,Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni(PDF), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-04-03, retrieved2013-11-24
^Bender (1969), p. xvii-xviii
^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
^"Marshallese-English Dictionary".
^^a ^bMangold (2005), p. 53
^For example, Ladefoged (1971).
^Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
^Lodge (2009), p. 46.
^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
^van Driem, George.The Grammar of Dzongkha(PDF). Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04.
^^a ^bJerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿGwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř), Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived fromthe original on 2013-11-13, retrieved2013-11-06
^^a ^bGrønnum (2005), p. 157
^^a ^bDąbrowska (2004), p. ?
^Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
^A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla".Tlalocan vol. 25, 2020, p.153.
^Scutt, C. A. (November 1913)."The Tsakonian Dialect".The Annual of the British School at Athens.19: 20.doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163.S2CID 163493476.

References

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Dudášová-Kriššáková, Júlia (1995),"Goralské nárečia (poznámky na okraj hesla v Encyklopédii jazykovedy)"(PDF),Slovenská Reč,60 (2):92–102
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Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980),Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001),De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català, Barcelona: Editorial Ariel,ISBN 978-84-344-2884-3
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012),"Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,42 (2):225–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
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Skalozub, Larisa (1963),Palatogrammy i Rentgenogrammy Soglasnyx Fonem Russkogo Literaturnogo Jazyka, Izdatelstvo Kievskogo Universiteta
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Bender, Byron (1969),Spoken Marshallese, University of Hawaii Press,ISBN 0-87022-070-5

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[r] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ

Co-articulated consonants

Labial–alveolar

Labial–retroflex

Labial–velar

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

Labialized palatal

Labialized velar

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

Velarized alveolar

Labial–velar

Labial–alveolar

Other

Voiceless bidental fricative[h̪͆]
Voiceless dentolabial fricative[f͆]
Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop[t̪ʙ̥]
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟]
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive[ʡ̟̬]
Bilabial percussive[ʬ]
Bidental percussive[ʭ]
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive[¡]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

Legend:unrounded • rounded

v t e The letterR
General	Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds) Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers Pronunciation of English /r/ Rhoticity in English R-colored vowel Rhotacism Guttural R Linking and intrusive R
Pronunciations	Voiceless alveolar trill[r̥] Voiced alveolar trill[r] Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant[ɹ] Voiceless alveolar tap[ɾ̥] Voiced alveolar tap[ɾ] Voiced alveolar lateral flap[ɺ] Voiced retroflex approximant[ɻ] Voiced retroflex flap[ɽ] Voiced retroflex trill[ɽr] Voiced velar approximant[ɰ] Voiced velar bunched approximant[ɹ̈] Voiceless velar fricative[x] Voiced velar fricative[ɣ] Voiceless uvular trill[ʀ̥] Voiced uvular trill[ʀ] Voiceless uvular fricative[χ] Voiced uvular fricative[ʁ] Voiced pharyngeal fricative[ʕ] Voiceless glottal fricative[h] Voiced glottal fricative[ɦ]
Variations	Ꝛꝛ (R rotunda) Ꞃꞃ (Insular) Ɽɽ (R with tail) Ɍɍ (R with stroke) Ʀʀ Ȑȑ Ŕŕ Ŗŗ Řř Ȓȓ R̃r̃ Ṙṙ Ṛṛ R̄r̄ Ṝṝ Ṟṟ Rd Rh Rl Rm Rn Rp Rr Rs Rt Rw Rz Rnd ᚱ (Raidô) ℝ (Real number) ® (Registered trademark symbol) Ⓡ (Enclosed R) ℞ (Medical prescription)