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Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromVoiced postalveolar plosive)
Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨d⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA number104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)d
Unicode(hex)U+0064
X-SAMPAd
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Image
Voiced dental plosive
d̪
IPA number104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)d​̪
Unicode(hex)U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPAd_d
Braille⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

Voiced alveolar anddental plosives (orstops) are a type ofconsonantal sound used in manyspokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceddental,alveolar, andpostalveolarplosives is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar).

There are only a few languages that distinguish dental and alveolar stops, among themKota,Toda,Venda and someIrish dialects.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced alveolar stop:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
  • There are three specific variants of[d]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upperteeth, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal.
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties

[edit]
IPADescription
dplain d
d̪dental d
d̠postalveolar d
dʱbreathy d
dʲpalatalized d
dʷlabialized d
d̚d withno audible release
d̥voiceless d
d͈tense d

Occurrence

[edit]

Dental

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianderë[dɛːɾ]'door'
ArabicEgyptianدنيا /donya[ˈdonjæ]'world'SeeEgyptian Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[1]դեմք /demk'[d̪ɛmkʰ]ⓘ'face'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ /dal[d̪ɑl]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkirдүрт /dürt[dʏʷrt]ⓘ'four'
Basquediru[d̪iɾu]'money'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2]падарожжа/padarožža[päd̪äˈroʐːä]'travel'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeBelarusian phonology
Bengaliদুধ/dūdh[d̪ud̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. SeeBengali phonology
Catalan[3]drac[ˈd̪ɾak]'dragon'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeCatalan phonology
Dinka[4]dhek[d̪ek]'distinct'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar/d/.
Dhivehiދެރަ/Dhera[d̪eɾa]'sad'Laminal denti-alveolar.
DutchBelgianding[d̪ɪŋ]'thing'Laminal denti-alveolar.
EnglishDublin[5]then[d̪ɛn]'then'Laminal denti-alveolar.Corresponds to[ð] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be[d͡ð].[5]SeeEnglish phonology
SouthernIrish[6]
Geordie[7]Word-initial allophone of/ð/; may be realized as[ð] instead.[7]
Indian
Ulster[8]dream[d̪ɹim]'dream'Allophone of/d/ before/r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperantomondo[ˈmondo]'world'SeeEsperanto phonology.
French[9]dais[d̪ɛ]'canopy'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeFrench phonology
Georgian[10]კუდი[ˈkʼud̪i]'tail'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeGeorgian phonology
Hindustani[11]Hindiदूध /dūdh[d̪uːd̪ʱ]'milk'Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.Contrasts with aspirated form <ध>.SeeHindi-Urdu phonology
Urduدودھ /dūdhContrasts with aspirated form <دھ>.
Hungarianadó[ɒd̪oː]'tax'SeeHungarian phonology
Irishdorcha[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə]'dark'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeIrish phonology
Italian[12]dare[ˈd̪äːre]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeItalian phonology
Japanese[13]男性的 /danseiteki[d̪ä̃ɰ̃se̞ːt̪e̞kʲi]'masculine'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeJapanese phonology
Kashubian[14][example needed]Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakhдос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[15]дос[d̪os̪]'friend'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[16]drudzis[ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪]'fever'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeLatvian phonology
Marathiदगड/dagaḍ[d̪əɡəɖ]'stone'Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. SeeMarathi phonology
Nepaliदिन/din[d̪in]'daytime'Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeNepali Phonology
Odiaଦଶ/daśa[d̪ɔsɔ]'ten'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashtoﺪﻮﻩ/dwa[ˈd̪wɑ]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[17]dom[d̪ɔm]ⓘ'home'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[18]Many dialectsdar[ˈd̪aɾ]'to give'Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize orlenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. SeePortuguese phonology
PunjabiGurmukhiਦਾਲ/dāl[d̪ɑːl]'lentils'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhiدال/dāl
Russian[19]два/dva[ˈd̪va]'two'Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with apalatalized alveolar variant. SeeRussian phonology
Scottish GaelicUist andBarraleantail[ˈʎɛnd̪al]'following'Allophone of[t̪] after nasals. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian[20]дуга /duga[d̪ǔːgä]'rainbow'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhalaදවස[d̪aʋəsə]'day'
Slovene[21]danes[ˈd̪àːnə́s̪]'today'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish[22]hundido[ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞]'sunken'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeSpanish phonology
Teluguదయ[d̪aja]'Kindness'Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated asbreathy consonant.
Turkishdal[d̪äɫ]'twig'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[23][24]дерево/derevo[ˈd̪ɛrɛβ̞ɔ]'tree'Laminal denti-alveolar. SeeUkrainian phonology
Uzbek[25]sifatida[siɸætidæ]'as'Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu唐/da[d̪ɑ̃]'theTang dynasty'
ZapotecTilquiapan[26]dan[d̪aŋ]'countryside'Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheдахэ/daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrianܘܪܕܐwerda[wεrda]'flower'Predominant in theUrmia,Jilu,Baz,Gawar andNochiya dialects. Corresponds to[ð̞] in other varieties.
Bengaliডাব/ḍab[d̠ab]'green coconut'True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ɖ]. SeeBengali phonology.
Catalan[27]susdit[sʊzˈd̻it̪]'said before'Laminal alveolar. SeeCatalan phonology
Czechdo[do]'into'SeeCzech phonology
Dutch[28]dak[dɑk]'roof'SeeDutch phonology
EnglishMost speakersdash[ˈdæʃ]'dash'SeeEnglish phonology
Finnishsidos[ˈsido̞s]'bond'SeeFinnish phonology
Greekντροπή /dropí[dro̞ˈpi]'shame'SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrewדואר/ do'ar[ˈdo̞.äʁ̞]'mail'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
HmongWhite Hmong𖬈𖬲𖬞𖬰 /dej[de˥˨]'water'In Green Hmong, it'll be𖬈𖬲𖬭𖬰 /dlej[dle˥˨]
Hungarianholdra[ˈholdra]'onto the moon'Allophone of [d̪] before [r] or [ɾ]. SeeHungarian phonology
Kabardianдахэ/ daahė[daːxa]'pretty'
Khmerដប /dab[dɑp]'bottle'
Korean아들 /adeul[ɐdɯl]'son'SeeKorean phonology
KurdishNortherndiran[dɪɾä:n]'tooth'SeeKurdish phonology
Centralددان/ dadân[dædä:n]
Southernدیان/dîân[diːä:n]
Luxembourgish[29]brudder[ˈb̥ʀudɐ]'brother'More often voiceless[t].[29] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
MalayStandard (incl.Malaysian)dahan[dähän]'branch'SeeMalay phonology
Indonesian[30]
Kelantan-Pattani[dahɛː]SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltesedehen[den]'wit'
Tagalogdalaga[dɐˈlaɰɐ]'maiden'SeeTagalog phonology
Thaiดาว/ dāw[daːw]'star'
Welshdiafol[djavɔl]'devil'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisiandoarp[ˈdwɑrp]'village'
Yiꄿ/dda[da˧]'competent'
Yonaguni与那国 /dunan[dunaŋ]'Yonaguni'

Postalveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Bengali[31]ডাকাত[d̠akat̪]'robber'Apical postalveolar.[31] SeeBengali phonology
Hindustani[32][33]डालना/ڈالنا[d̠aːlnaː]'to put'Apical postalveolar.[33] SeeHindustani phonology
Nepaliडर[d̠ʌr]'fear'Apical postalveolar. SeeNepali phonology
Odiaଡଙ୍ଗା/ḍaṅgā[d̠ɔŋga]'boat'Apical postalveolar.

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Arabicدين/dīn[diːn]'religion'Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. SeeArabic phonology.
EnglishBroadSouth African[34]dawn[doːn]'dawn'Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[34][35][36]
Scottish[35][dɔn]
Welsh[36][dɒːn]
GermanStandard[37]oder[ˈoːdɐ]ⓘ'or'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[37] SeeStandard German phonology
NorwegianUrban East[38]dans[d̻ɑns]'dance'Partially voiced or fully voiceless[t]. Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[38] SeeNorwegian phonology
Persian[39]اداره/edāre[edaːre]'office'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[39] SeePersian phonology
Slovak[40][41]do[d̻ɔ̝]ⓘ'into'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[40][41] SeeSlovak phonology
SwedishCentral Standard[42]dag[dɑːɡ]'day'Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[42] May be anapproximant in casual speech. SeeSwedish phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ^Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ^Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ^Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ^abWatt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ^"Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland"(PDF).UCL Phonetics and Linguistics.Archived(PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFShostedChikovani2006 (help)
  11. ^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  14. ^Treder, Jerzy."Fonetyka i fonologia".Rastko.net. Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^Kara (2003), p. 11.
  16. ^Nau (1998), p. 6.
  17. ^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  18. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  19. ^Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  21. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  22. ^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  23. ^S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16:63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.
  24. ^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  25. ^Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  26. ^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  27. ^Rafel Fontanals (1999), p. 14. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRafel_Fontanals1999 (help)
  28. ^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  29. ^abGilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  30. ^Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  31. ^abMazumdar (2000:57)
  32. ^Ladefoged (2005:141)
  33. ^abTiwari (2004:?)
  34. ^abLass (2002), p. 120.
  35. ^abScobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  36. ^abWells (1982), p. 388.
  37. ^abMangold (2005), p. 47.
  38. ^abKristoffersen (2000:22)
  39. ^abMahootian (2002:287–289) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMahootian2002 (help)
  40. ^abKráľ (1988), p. 72.
  41. ^abPavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.
  42. ^abRiad (2014:46)

References

[edit]
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981],The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers,ISBN 90-04-10340-6
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (2):45–47,doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X,S2CID 243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969),The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003),Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa,ISBN 3-89586-843-4
  • Kráľ, Ábel (1988),Pravidlá slovenskej výslovnosti, Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000),The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2
  • Maddieson, Ian (1984),Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press
  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997),Persian, London: Routledge,ISBN 0-415-02311-4
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920],The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services,ISBN 8120614526
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Nau, Nicole (1998),Latvian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 3-89586-228-2
  • Okada, Hideo (1999),"Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.),Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119,ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989),Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка,ISBN 5-343-00292-7
  • Pavlík, Radoslav (2004),"Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda"(PDF),Jazykovedný časopis,55:87–109
  • Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980),Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
  • Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,39 (1):113–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605,hdl:20.500.11820/ccca8aff-adb2-42c0-9daa-f1e5777ee69f
  • Riad, Tomas (2014),The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press,ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999),A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006)."Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963),Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (2):209–213,doi:10.1017/s0025100308003320
  • Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966],Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal,ISBN 81-225-0017-X
  • Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):267–271,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
  • Wells, John C. (1982),Accents of English, vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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