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Voiced postalveolar affricate

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(Redirected fromVoiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate)

Consonantal sound

Voiced postalveolar affricate

dʒ

IPA number 104 135

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) d͡ʒ

Unicode(hex) U+0064 U+0361 U+0292

X-SAMPA dZ

Image

Avoiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,voiced post-alveolar affricate orvoiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages. The sound is transcribed in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in somebroad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩. This affricate has a dedicated symbolU+02A4 ʤLATIN SMALL LETTER DEZH DIGRAPH, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are⟨ǰ⟩,⟨ǧ⟩,⟨ǯ⟩, and⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of⟨j⟩ injump.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of thetongue behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna]^ⓘ	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Modern Standard^[1]	جَـرَس	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to[ɡ] or[ʒ]. SeeArabic phonology
Arabic	Hejazi	جــيب/jēb	[d͡ʒe̞ːb]	'pocket'	Pronounced[ʒ] by some speakers. SeeHejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern^[2]	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
Armenian	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'musca (fly)'
Assyrian		ܓ̰ܝܪܐ s	[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]	'to pee'	Used in native terminology. Used predominantly inUrmia and someJilu dialects.[ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		can	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. SeeBengali phonology
Bulgarian		джудже	[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]	'dwarf'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan		jutge	[ˈʒu(d).d͡ʒə]	'judge'	SeeCatalan phonology
Chechen		джерво /jyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	重 /zon	[d͡ʒõ]	'heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ/je	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		džbán	[d͡ʒbaːn]	'jug'	SeeCzech phonology
Dhivehi		ޖަރާސީމު /jarásímu	[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]	'germs'	SeeDhivehi phonology
Dutch		jeans	[d͡ʒiːns]	'jeans'	Some say [ʒiːns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords.
English		jeans	[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]	'jeans'	SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	SeeEsperanto phonology
Estonian		džäss	[ˈd̥ʒæsː]	'jazz'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. SeeEstonian phonology
Finnish		džonkki	[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]	'junk (ship)'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. SeeFinnish phonology
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. SeeFrench phonology
Georgian^[3]		ჯიბე/jibe	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard^[4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[4] Some speakers may merge it with/t͡ʃ/. Occurs mainly in loanwords. SeeStandard German phonology
Goemai		^{[example needed]}	[d͡ʒaːn]	'twins'
Hebrew	Standard	ג׳וק/juk	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	Only used in loanwords. SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hebrew	Temani	גָּדוֹל‎/jaďol	[d͡ʒaðol]	'big, great'	Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation ofgimel withdageš. SeeYemenite Hebrew
Hindustani	Hindi	जाना/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	جـانا/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	Rare, mostly in loanwords. SeeHungarian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]	'distance'
Italian^[5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels[e],[i] and[ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels[o],[a],[u] and[ɔ] the phoneme changes to avoiced velar plosive.
Kabyle		lǧiran	[id͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Kashubian^[6]		dłudżi	[ˈdwu.d͡ʒi]	'long'
Kurdish	Northern	cîger	[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]	'lung'	SeeKurdish phonology
	Central	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒɛɾg]	'liver'
	Southern	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒæɾg]	'liver'
Kyrgyz		жаман /caman	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'	SeeKyrgyz phonology
Ladino		djudyó/גﬞודיו	[d͡ʒudˈjo]	'Jew'
Latvian		dadži	[dad͡ʒi]	'thistles'	SeeLatvian phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect^[7]	djèn	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugene'	SeeHasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'gladsome'	SeeLithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер/džemper	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Maltese		ġabra	[d͡ʒab.ra]	'collection'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय/jay	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone[dʑ] and[d̪z]. SeeMarathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	SeeOccitan phonology
Occitan	Provençal	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuve]	'young'	SeeOccitan phonology
Odia		ଜମି/jami	[d͡ʒɔmi]	'land'	Contrasts with aspirated form.SeeOdia phonology
Ojibwe		iijikiwenh	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	SeeOjibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ/jeg	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کـجـا/koja	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	SeePersian phonology
Polish	Standard	liczba	[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]	'number'
	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and/d͡ʑ/ merge into[d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish,/d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminalvoiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect^[8]
	Malbork dialect^[8]
	Ostróda dialect^[8]
	Warmia dialect^[8]
Portuguese	MostBrazilian dialects^[9]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]	'big'	Allophone of/d/ before/i,ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of[i] (e.g.epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
Portuguese	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with/ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]	'frost'	SeeRomanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем /džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May belaminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво /đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge/d͡ʒ/ and/d͡ʑ/, either to[d͡ʒ] or laminal[ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian	ђаво /đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ɖ͡ʐ/ and/d͡ʑ/ into[d͡ʒ].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[10]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ɖ͡ʐ/ and/d͡ʑ/ into[d͡ʒ].
Slovene		enačba	[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]	'equation'	Allophone of/t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. SeeSlovene phonology
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	SeeSomali phonology
Spanish		conllevar	[kondʒeˈβaɾ]	'carry'	Rare, more commonly [ʝ, ɟʝ, ʒ]. SeeSpanish phonology,Yeísmo.^[11]
Tagalog		diyan	[d͡ʒän]	'there'	Used to pronounce the multigraphs⟨dy⟩ and⟨diy⟩ in native words and⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, seeTagalog phonology.
Tamil		இஞ்சி	[in̠ʲd͡ʒi]	'ginger'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ after /ɲ/ natively, also occurs elsewhere in loans but the standard form tends to make it /s, t͡ʃ/ elsewhere. SeeTamil phonology.
Tatar	Mishar Dialect^[12]	can /җан	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'	In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/җ> is [ʑ].
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Tyap		jem	[d͡ʒem]	'hippopotamus'
Ubykh		amcan /[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainian^[13]		джерело/džerelo	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Uyghur		coza /جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	SeeUyghur phonology
Uzbek		jahon /жаҳон	[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]	'world'
Welsh		siopjips	[ʃɔpd͡ʒɪps]	'chip shop'	Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of/t͡ʃ/. SeeColloquial Welsh morphology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]	'to sow'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yiddish		דזשוכע/juche	[d͡ʒʊxə]	'insect'	SeeYiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[14]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

[edit]

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠᷵
dɹ̝᫢
Audio sample
source · help

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian^[15]	dream	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence/dr/.^[15]^[16]^[17] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar[d͡ɹ̝].^[16] SeeAustralian English phonology andEnglish phonology
	General American^[16]^[17]
	Received Pronunciation^[16]^[17]

Notes

[edit]

^Watson (2002:16)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^^a ^bMangold (2005:51–52)
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
^Jerzy Treder."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2015-11-16.
^Peters (2006:119)
^^a ^b ^c ^dDubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
^^a ^bDąbrowska (2004:?)
^Lipski, John M. (1989)."SPANISH YEÍSMO AND THE PALATAL RESONANTS: TOWARDS A UNIFIED ANALYSIS"(PDF).Probus.1 (2).doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211.S2CID 170139844.
^Leitzinger, Antero:Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996.ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
^Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
^Merrill (2008:108)
^^a ^bCox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
^^a ^b ^c ^dCruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
^^a ^b ^cWells (2008).

References

[edit]

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
Cruttenden, Alan (2014),Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,ISBN 978-1-4441-8309-2
Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995),Ukrainian, Lincom Europa,ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004),Język polski, Wrocław:wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie,ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995),Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna,ISBN 83-214-0989-X
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (1):117–124,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006),"Standard Georgian"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Wells, John C. (2008),Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman,ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[d̠ʒ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ