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Voiced postalveolar fricative

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(Redirected fromVoiced palato-alveolar sibilant)

Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʒ⟩ in IPA

This article is about the palato-alveolar consonant. For the retroflex consonant, seeVoiced retroflex fricative. For the alveolo-palatal consonant, seeVoiced alveolo-palatal fricative.

Voiced postalveolar fricative

IPA number 135

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ʒ

Unicode(hex) U+0292

X-SAMPA Z

Braille

Image

Avoiced postalveolar orpalato-alveolar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound used in somespoken languages. TheInternational Phonetic Association uses the termvoiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound[ʒ],^[1] but it also describes thevoiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative[ɹ̠˔], for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is asibilant and one is not.

Voiced palato-alveolar fricative

[edit]

Avoiced palato-alveolar fricative orvoiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespoken languages.

Transcription

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The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letterEzh⟨Ʒ ʒ⟩ (/ɛʒ/ ^ⓘ). An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is⟨ž⟩, az with acaron. In sometranscriptions of alphabets such as theCyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph⟨zh⟩.

Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed byyod-coalescence of[z] and[j] in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with⟨g⟩ and⟨j⟩).

[ʒ] occurs as a borrowed phoneme in a number of languages under the influence of French, Persian or Slavic languages, as in the Germanic languages (Dutch, English, German andLuxembourgish), the Romance languages (Italian, and Romanian), the Turkic languages (Azerbaijani,Bashkir, Turkish, andUyghur), and the Uralic languages(Estonian and Hungarian),Breton andMaltese.^[2] The phoneme has the lowest consonant frequency in both English and Persian.^[3]

InEnglish andFrench,/ʒ/ may have simultaneouslip rounding ([ʒʷ]), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced palato-alveolar fricative:

Itsmanner of articulation issibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of thetongue behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		жакӀэ/žač'a	[ʒaːtʃʼa]^ⓘ	'beard'
Albanian		zhurmë	[ʒuɾm]	'noise'
Arabic	Maghrebi^[4]	زوج/zūj	[zuːʒ]	'husband'
Arabic	Hejazi	جاهِز/jāhiz	[ʒaːhɪz]	'ready'	An allophone of/d͡ʒ/ used by a number of speakers.
Armenian	Eastern^[5]	ժամ/žam	[ʒɑm]^ⓘ	'hour'
Assyrian		ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐUrmižnaiya	[urmɪʒnaɪja]	'Assyrian from Urmia'
Avar		жакъа/žaq'a	[ˈʒaqʼːa]	'today'
Azerbaijani		jalüz	[ʒalyz]	'blinds'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Berta		[ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ]		'honey'
Breton		jod	[ʒod]	'play'
Bulgarian		мъжът/myžyt	[mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪]	'the man'	SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan	Eastern	gel	[ˈʒɛl]	'ice'	Its pronunciation varies between an alveolo-palatal [ʑ] and postalveolar [ʒ] fricative. SeeCatalan phonology.
Chechen		жий /žiy	[ʒiː]	'sheep'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	床	[ʒɑ̃]	'bed'
Chinese	Fuzhou dialect	只隻	[tsi˥˥ʒieʔ˨˦]	'this one'
Corsican		ghjesgia	[ˈɟeːʒa]	'church'	Also inGallurese
Czech		muži	[ˈmuʒɪ]	'men'	SeeCzech phonology
Dutch		garage	[ɣäˈräːʒə]	'garage'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeDutch phonology.
Emilian	Bolognese	chèṡ	[ˈkɛːð̠]	'case'	Apical; not labialized; may be[z̺ʲ] or[ʐ] instead.
English		vision	[ˈvɪʒən]^ⓘ	'vision'	SeeEnglish phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[mänˈd͡ʒäʒo̞]	'food'	SeeEsperanto phonology
French^[6]		jour	[ʒuʁ]^ⓘ	'day'	SeeFrench phonology
German	Standard^[7]	Garage	[ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə]	'garage'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.^[7] Some speakers may merge it with/ʃ/. Only occurs in loanwords. SeeStandard German phonology
Georgian^[8]		ჟურნალი/žurnali	[ʒuɾnali]	'magazine'
Goemai		zhiem	[ʒiem]	'sickle'
Greek	Cypriot	γαλάζ̌ο/galažo	[ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞]	'sky blue'
Gwich’in		zhòh	[ʒôh]	'wolf'
Hän		zhùr	[ʒûr]	'wolf'
Hebrew		ז׳אנר/žaner	[ʒaneʁ]	'genre'	Phoneme present in loanwords only. SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	अझ़दहा/aždahá	[əʒd̪əhaː]	'dragon'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	اژدہا/aždahá	[əʒd̪əhaː]	'dragon'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarian		rózsa	[ˈr̪oːʒɒ]	'rose'	SeeHungarian phonology
Ingush		жий/žiy	[ʒiː]	'sheep'
Italian	Tuscan	pigiare	[piˈʒäːre]	'press'	SeeItalian phonology
Judaeo-Spanish		mujer	[muˈʒɛr]	'woman'
Juǀʼhoan		ju	[ʒu]	'person'
Kabardian		жыг/žëğ	[ʒəɣʲ]	'tree'
Kabyle		jeddi	[ʒəddi]	'my grandfather'
Kashubian^[9]		kòżdi rôz	[kʷʒdirɞz]	'constantly'
Kazakh		жеті/jeti	[ʒeti]	'seven'
Latvian		žāvēt	[ˈʒäːveːt̪]	'to dry'	SeeLatvian phonology
Ligurian		lüxe	['ly:ʒe]	'light'
Limburgish	Maastrichtian^[10]	zjuweleer	[ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊]	'jeweller'	Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.^[11]
Lithuanian		žmona	[ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ]	'wife'	SeeLithuanian phonology
Livonian		kūž	[kuːʒ]	'six'
Lombard	Western	resgiôra	[reˈʒu(ː)ra]	'matriarch'
Macedonian		жaбa/žaba	[ˈʒaba]	'toad'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Megrelian		ჟირი/žiri	[ʒiɾi]	'two'
Navajo		łizh	[ɬiʒ]	'urine'
Neapolitan		sbattere	[ˈʒbɑttərə]	'to slam'
Ngas		zhaam	[ʒaːm]	'chin'
Ngwe	Mmockngie dialect	[ʒíá]		'to split'
Occitan	Auvergnat	argent	[aʀʒẽ]	'money'	Southern dialects
Occitan	Gascon	argent	[arʒen]	'money'
Pashto		ژوول/žowul	[ʒowul]	'chew'
Persian		مژه/može	[moʒe]	'eyelash'	SeePersian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	zielony	[ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ]	'green'	/ʐ/ and/ʑ/ merge into[ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish,/ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminalvoiced retroflex sibilant.
	Lubawa dialect^[12]
	Malbork dialect^[12]
	Ostróda dialect^[12]
	Warmia dialect^[12]
Portuguese^[13]^[14]		loja	[ˈlɔʒɐ]	'shop'	Also described as alveolo-palatal[ʑ].^[15]^[16]^[17] SeePortuguese phonology
Romani		[ʒanel]		'to know'
Romanian		jar	[ʒär]	'embers'	SeeRomanian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Barra^[18]	uair	[uəʒ]	'hour'	Dialectal allophone of/ɾʲ/, now primarily heard among older speakers in the south of the island and Vatersay.
Serbo-Croatian		жут /žut	[ʒûːt̪]	'yellow'	May belaminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Silesian	Gmina Istebna^[19]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ʐ/ and/ʑ/ into[ʒ].
Silesian	Jablunkov^[19]	^{[example needed]}			These dialects merge/ʐ/ and/ʑ/ into[ʒ].
Sioux	Lakota	waŋži	[wãˈʒi]	'one'
Slovak		žena	[ʒena]	'woman'	SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene		žito	[ˈʒìːt̪ɔ́]	'cereal'	SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish	Rioplatense^[20]	yo	[ʒo̞]	'I'	Most dialects.^[20] SeeSpanish phonology andyeísmo
Spanish	EcuadorianAndean Spanish^[21]	ellos	[eʒos]	'they'	SeeSpanish phonology andyeísmo
Tadaksahak		[ˈʒɐwɐb]		'to answer'
Tagish		[ʒé]		'what'
Turkish		jale	[ʒɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]	'dew'	Only occurs in loanwords. SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmen		žiraf	[ʒiraf]	'giraffe'	Only occurs in loanwords.
Tutchone	Northern	zhi	[ʒi]	'what'
Tutchone	Southern	zhǜr	[ʒɨ̂r]	'berry'
Ukrainian		жaбa/žaba	[ˈʒɑbɐ]	'frog'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Veps		vīž	[viːʒ]	'five'
Welayta		[aʒa]		'bush'
West Frisian		bagaazje	[bɑˈɡaʒə]	'luggage'	SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yiddish		אָראַנזש/oranž	[ɔʀanʒ]	'orange'	SeeYiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan^[22]	llan	[ʒaŋ]	'anger'

The sound inRussian denoted by⟨ж⟩ is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually alaminal retroflex fricative.

In English, the phoneme[ʒ] is often found as ahyperforeign substitute for[dʒ] in certain borrowings,Beijing (Mandarin Chinese[tɕ], a voiceless[dʒ]), raj,Taj Mahal, and sometimes evenparmesan (French[paʁməzɑ̃]; Italian[parmiˈdʒaːno]).

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit]

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
ɹ̠˔
ɹ̝˗
IPA number	151 414 429
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
X-SAMPA	`r\_-_r`

Avoiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As theInternational Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for allcoronal places of articulation that are notpalatalized), this sound is usually transcribed ⟨ɹ̠˔⟩ (retracted constricted[ɹ]).

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isfricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causingturbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
Itsplace of articulation ispostalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch^[23]	meer	[meːɹ̠˔]	'lake'	A rare post-vocalic allophone of/r/.^[24] Realization of/r/ varies considerably among dialects. SeeDutch phonology.
Manx^[25]	mooar	[muːɹ̠˔]	'big'	Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of/r/, infree variation with other allophones.

Notes

[edit]

^"IPA i-charts (2018)".International Phonetic Association. Retrieved5 June 2020.
^Stolz, Thomas; Levkovych, Nataliya (2021-08-23).Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 261–274.ISBN 978-3-11-067260-2.
^Qaracholloo, Mahmoud; Nejad, Ali (2012)."Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora".Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora: 85.
^Watson (2002:16)
^Dum-Tragut (2009:18)
^Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
^^a ^bMangold (2005:51)
^Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
^"Projekt Rastko Kaszuby - Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2014-11-02. Retrieved2013-11-18.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
^Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:156). The authors state that/ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
^^a ^b ^c ^dDubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
^Medina (2010)
^Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)
^Silva (2003:32)
^Guimarães (2004)
^Borgstrom (1937:118) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBorgstrom1937 (help)
^^a ^bDąbrowska (2004:?)
^^a ^bMartínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258)
^Argüello, Fanny M. (1980-03-10)."El rehilamiento en el español hablado en la región andina del Ecuador".Lexis (in Spanish).4 (2):151–155.doi:10.18800/lexis.198002.003.ISSN 0254-9239.S2CID 170724900.
^Merrill (2008:108)
^Goeman & van de Velde (2001:94–98, 101–102)
^Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95–97, 102)
^Broderick (1986:17–18)

References

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Borgstrøm, Carl Hj. (1937),The dialect of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, Oslo: Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap
Broderick, George (1986),A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx, vol. 3, Tübingen: Niemeyer,ISBN 3-484-42903-8
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Dąbrowska, Anna (2004),Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie,ISBN 83-7384-063-X
Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995),Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna,ISBN 83-2140989-X
Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009),Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (December 2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on/r/ and/ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.),'r-atics: Sociolinguistics, phonetic and phonological characteristics of/r/, Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique, vol. 4, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112,ISSN 0777-3692
Guimarães, Daniela (2004),Seqüências de (Sibilante + Africada Alveopalatal) no Português Falado em Belo Horizonte(PDF), Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2014-04-07, retrieved2014-12-06
Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),"The dialect of Maastricht"(PDF),Journal of the International Phonetic Association,29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies:155–166,doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526,S2CID 145782045, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-11, retrieved2015-09-18
Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962],Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag,ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto (2000),The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press,ISBN 0-19-823581-X
Medina, Flávio (2010),Análise Acústica de Sequências de Fricativas Seguidas de[i] Produzidas por Japoneses Aprendizes de Português Brasileiro(PDF), Anais do IX Encontro do CELSUL Palhoça, SC, Palhoça: Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2015-09-23, retrieved2014-12-06
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,38 (1):107–114,doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,36 (2):255–264,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Silva, Thaïs Cristófaro (2003),Fonética e Fonologia do Português: Roteiro de Estudos e Guia de Exercícios (7th ed.), São Paulo: Contexto,ISBN 85-7244-102-6
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ʒ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ		ʁ̞				ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ