Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム

Jump to content

Voiced palatal plosive

Edit links

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound

"ɟ" redirects here. For turned F (Ⅎ) used as a letter of the alphabet, seeClaudian letters.

Voiced palatal plosive

IPA number 108

Audio sample

source · help

Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɟ

Unicode(hex) U+025F

X-SAMPA J\

Braille

Image

Voiced alveolo-palatal plosive
d̠ʲ
ɟ᫈

Avoiced palatal plosive orstop is a type ofconsonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless⟨j⟩ that was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter⟨f⟩.

If a distinction is necessary, avoiced alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed ⟨d̠ʲ⟩ (retracted andpalatalized ⟨d⟩). There is also a non-IPA letterU+0221 ȡLATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CURL;⟨ȡ⟩ ("d" with the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives⟨ɕ,ʑ⟩) that is used especially in Sinological circles.

[ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than thevoiced postalveolar affricate[d͡ʒ] because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of thealveolar ridge.^[1] It is also common for the symbol ⟨ɟ⟩ to be used to represent apalatalized voiced velar plosive or palato-alveolar/alveolo-palatal affricates, as inIndic languages. That may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified, and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced palatal stop:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Itsplace of articulation ispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongue raised to thehard palate.
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind thealveolar ridge.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian^[2]		gjuha	[ˈɟuha]	'tongue'	Merged with[d͡ʒ] inGheg Albanian and some speakers ofTosk Albanian.^[3]
Arabic	Some NorthernYemeni dialects^[4]	جمل	[ˈɟamal]	'camel'	Corresponds to[d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ~j] in other varieties. SeeArabic phonology
	Rural and some urbanSudanese speakers^[4]
	Upper Egypt^[4]
Aramaic	someUrmian & Koine speakers	ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ	[ɟoːrɑ]	'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person	Corresponds to/ɡ/ or/d͡ʒ/ in other dialects.
Aramaic	someNorthern speakers	ܓܒ̣ܪܐ/gavrɑ	[ɟaʊrɑ]	'husband' or 'man' lit. (male) person	Corresponds to/ɡ/ or/d͡ʒ/ in other dialects.
Azerbaijani		گۆنش/günəş	[ɟyˈnæʃ]	'sun'
Basque		anddere	[äɲɟe̞ɾe̞]	'doll'
Breton	Gwenedeg	gwenn	[ɟɥɛ̃n]	'white'	Realization of /ɡ/ before front vowels.
Bulgarian		гьол	[ɟoɫ]	'swamp'	Palatalized [g] in Standard Bulgarian, may also be realized as [ɡj] by some speakers. SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan	Majorcan^[5]^[6]	guix	[ˈɟi̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Corresponds to/ɡ/ in other varieties. SeeCatalan phonology
Corsican		fighjulà	[viɟɟuˈla]	'to watch'
Czech		dělám	[ˈɟ̟ɛlaːm]	'I do'	Alveolo-palatal.^[7] SeeCzech phonology
Dinka		jir	[ɟir]	'blunt'
Ega^[8]		[ɟé]		'become numerous'
Friulian		gjat	[ɟat]	'cat'
Ganda		jjajja	[ɟːaɟːa]	'grandfather'
Hausa		gyara	[ɟːarːa]	'repair'
Hungarian^[9]		gyám	[ɟäːm]	'guardian'	SeeHungarian phonology
Irish		Gaeilge	[ˈɡeːlʲɟə]	'Irish language'	SeeIrish phonology
Latvian		ģimene	[ˈɟime̞ne̞]	'family'	SeeLatvian phonology
Livonian		kīņḑõl	[ˈkiːɲɟəl]	'candle'
Macedonian		раѓање	[ˈraɟaɲɛ]	'birth'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malay	Kelantan-Pattani	تراجڠ/terajang	[tə.ɣa.ɟɛ̃ː]	'kick'	SeeKelantan-Pattani Malay
Munji		ڱب	[ɟɪb]	'lost'
Norwegian	Central^[10]	fadder	[fɑɟːeɾ]	'godparent'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Norwegian	Northern^[10]	fadder	[fɑɟːeɾ]	'godparent'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan	Auvergnat	diguèt	[ɟiˈɡɛ]	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	SeeOccitan phonology
Occitan	Limousin	dissèt	[ɟiˈʃɛ]	'said' (3rd pers. sing.)	SeeOccitan phonology
Pannonian Rusyn		Дюрдьов	[ˈɟurɟɔw]	'Đurđevo'	Only occurs in loanwords; Old Slovakď becomesдз in native inherits.
Pitjantjatjara		Pitjantjatjara	[ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa]		SeePitjantjatjara dialect
Sicilian		travagghju	[ʈɽɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠]or[ʈ͡ʂɑ̝ˈväɟ.ɟʊ̠]	'job, task'
Slovak		ďaleký	[ˈɟ̟äɫe̞kiː]	'far'	Alveolo-palatal.^[11]^[12] SeeSlovak phonology
Spanish		ya	[ˈɟa]	'already'	Realization of/ʝ/, may also be realized as[ɟʝ] in onset or after nasal consonant. SeeSpanish phonology
Turkish		güneş	[ɟyˈne̞ʃ]^ⓘ	'sun'	SeeTurkish phonology
Vietnamese	North-central dialect	da	[ɟa˧]	'skin'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Wu	Taizhou dialect	共/gion⁶	[ɟyoŋ]	'together'

Post-palatal

[edit]

Voiced post-palatal plosive
ɟ᫢
ɡ᫈
Audio sample
source · help

There is also avoiced post-palatal plosive in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant but not as back as the prototypicalvelar consonant. The IPA does not have a separate symbol, which can be transcribed as ⟨ɟ̠⟩, ⟨ɟ᫢⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ɟ⟩), ⟨ɡ̟⟩, or ⟨ɡ᫈⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɡ⟩).

Especially inbroad transcription, a voiced post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar plosive ⟨ɡʲ⟩.

Features

[edit]

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with nonasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is aplosive.
Its place of articulation ispost-palatal, also calledretracted palatal,backed palatal,palato-velar,pre-velar,advanced velar orfront(ed-)velar, which means it is articulated between the position ofpalatal consonants andvelar consonants.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Catalan^[13]		guix	[ˈɡ̟i̞ɕ]	'chalk'	Allophone of/ɡ/ beforefront vowels when not preceded by a vowel.^[13] SeeCatalan phonology
English^[14]^[15]		geese	[ɡ̟iːs]^ⓘ	'geese'	Allophone of/ɡ/ before front vowels and/j/.^[14]^[15] SeeEnglish phonology
Greek^[16]		μετάγγιση/metággisi	[me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i]	'transfusion'	Post-palatal.^[16] SeeModern Greek phonology
Italian	Standard^[17]	ghianda	[ˈɡ̟jän̪ːd̪ä]	'acorn'	Post-palatal; allophone of/ɡ/ before/i,e,ɛ,j/.^[17] SeeItalian phonology
Japanese		銀/gin	[ɡʲiɴ]^ⓘ	'silver'
Portuguese		amiguinho	[ɐmiˈɡ̟ĩɲu]	'little buddy'	Allophone of/ɡ/ before front vowels. SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian^[18]		ghimpe	[ˈɡ̟impe̞]	'thorn'	Both an allophone of/ɡ/ before/i,e,j/ and the phonetic realization of/ɡʲ/.^[18] SeeRomanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[19]	герб/gerb	[ɡ̟e̞rp]	'coat of arms'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɡʲ⟩. SeeRussian phonology
Spanish^[20]		guía	[ˈɡ̟i.ä]	'guidebook'	Allophone of/ɡ/ before front vowels when not preceded by a vowel.^[20] SeeSpanish phonology
Yanyuwa^[21]		[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]		'sacred'	Post-palatal.^[21] Contrasts plain andprenasalized versions.

Notes

[edit]

^Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.
^Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
^Kolgjini (2004).
^^a ^b ^cWatson (2002), p. 16.
^Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
^Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRecasens2013 (help)
^Skarnitzl, Radek; Bartošová, Petra."Výzkum lingvální artikulace pomocí elektropalatografie na příkladu českých palatálních exploziv"(PDF). Retrieved25 October 2021.
^Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
^^a ^bSkjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
^Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHanulíkováHamann2010 (help)
^Pavlík (2004), pp. 104. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPavlík2004 (help)
^^a ^bRafel (1999), p. 14.
^^a ^bCruttenden (2014), p. 181.
^^a ^bMannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
^^a ^bArvaniti (2007), p. 20.
^^a ^bCanepari (1992), p. 62.
^^a ^bSarlin (2014), p. 17.
^Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
^^a ^bCanellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

References

[edit]

Arvaniti, Amalia (2007),"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"(PDF),Journal of Greek Linguistics,8:97–208,CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365,doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2013-12-11
Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987),Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria [Pronunciation of Spanish: spoken and literary language] (in Spanish), Madrid: Castalia,ISBN 978-8470394836
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0
Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,32 (1):99–104,doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
Cruttenden, Alan (2014),Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge,ISBN 9781444183092
Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004),Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Ladefoged, Peter;Maddieson, Ian (1996).The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell.ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009),An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University, archived fromthe original on 2014-07-07, retrieved2014-06-04
Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982),Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press,ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
Rafel, Joaquim (1999),Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional(PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans,ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,35 (1):1–25,doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878,S2CID 14140079
Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013],"Sounds of Romanian and their spelling",Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37,ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
Skjekkeland, Martin (1997),Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian Nynorsk), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,45 (2):221–228,doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɟ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ