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Voiced palatal nasal

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound

"Palatal nasal" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, seeVoiceless palatal nasal.

Voiced palatal nasal

IPA number 118

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) ɲ

Unicode(hex) U+0272

X-SAMPA J

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Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal
n̠ʲ
ɲ᫈

Avoiced palatal nasal is a type ofconsonant used in somespoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,^[1] a lowercase lettern with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The letter ⟨ɲ⟩ is visually similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for theretroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for thevelar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.

The IPA symbol derives from ⟨n⟩ and ⟨j⟩, ⟨n⟩ for nasality and ⟨j⟩ denoting palatalization.^[2] InSpanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced bySpanish orthography, it is represented by the letter⟨ñ⟩, calledeñe ([ˈeɲe]). InFrench andItalian orthographies the sound is represented by thedigraph⟨gn⟩.Occitan uses the digraph⟨nh⟩, the source of the samePortuguese digraph calledene-agá (lit. 'en-aitch'), used thereafter by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such asVietnamese.^[3] InCatalan,Hungarian,Aragonese and many African languages, asSwahili orDinka, the digraph⟨ny⟩ is used. InAlbanian andSerbo-Croatian, the digraph (Nj) is used, and sometimes, for the languages with the Cyrillic script that used to be part of Yugoslavia, uses the (Њњ) Cyrillic ligature that might be part of the official alphabet. In Czech and Slovak,/ɲ/ is represented by letter⟨ň⟩ whilst Kashubian and Polish use⟨ń⟩. Latvian and Livonian use⟨ņ⟩. InBengali it is represented by the letter⟨ঞ⟩.

What is transcribed ⟨ɲ⟩ is often actually avoiced alveolo-palatal nasal. There is no dedicated symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, which is one reason that ⟨ɲ⟩ is used. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩. There is a non-IPA letter,U+0235 ȵLATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CURL;⟨ȵ⟩ (⟨n⟩, plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives⟨ɕ,ʑ⟩), which is used especially in Sinological circles.

An alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such asPortuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal.^{[dubious –discuss]} This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects ofIrish as well as some non-standard dialects ofMalayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.^[4]^[5]

Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops[c,ɟ].^[6]

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced palatal nasal:

Itsmanner of articulation isocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is alsonasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
Itsplace of articulation ispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongue raised to thehard palate.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Palatal or alveolo-palatal

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
!Kung^[7]		^{[example needed]}	—	—	Represented by⟨ny⟩
Albanian		një	[ɲə]	'one'
Amharic		ዘጠኝ /zäṭäňň	[zɛtʼɛɲ]	'nine'
Aragonese		chunyo	[ˈt͡ʃu.ɲo]	'June'
Aranda		^{[example needed]}	—	—	Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.^[8]
Asturian		cabaña	[kaˈβaɲa]	'hut'	SeeAsturian phonology
Basque		andereño	[än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞]	'female teacher'
Bengali^[9]		মিঞা /miña	[miɲɑ]	'mister'
Bulgarian		синьо	[siˈɲo]	'blue'	Only occurs beforeь,ю, andя. SeeBulgarian phonology
Burmese^[9]		ညာ /nya	[ɲà]	'right(-hand side)'	Contrasts with thevoiceless palatal nasal/ɲ̥/.
Catalan^[10]		any	[ˈaɲ̟]	'year'	Alveolo-palatal or palatal.^[8] SeeCatalan phonology
Cantonese	Wuzhou dialect	日 /njat6	[ɲ̟ɐt̚˨˩]	'day'	Alveolo-palatal. In standard Cantonese,/j/ is used instead. The romanization usesextended Jyutping).
Czech		kůň	[kuːɲ]	'horse'	May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.^[5] SeeCzech phonology
Dinka		nyɔt	[ɲɔt]	'very'
Dutch^[11]		oranje	[oˈrɑɲə]	'orange'	Not all dialects. SeeDutch phonology
English	Malay dialect	canyon	[kɛɲən]	'canyon'	Common inMalay, allophone of/nj/.
French		oignon	[ɔ.ɲɔ̃]^ⓘ	'onion'	SeeFrench phonology
Galician^[12]		viño	[ˈbiɲo]	'wine'	SeeGalician phonology
Greek		πρωτοχρονιά /prōtochroniá	[pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ]	'New Year's Day'	Alveolo-palatal.^[13] SeeModern Greek phonology
Haketia^[14]			[ru.ħa.ˈɲi]	'spiritual'	Infree variation with[n] when immediately before[i].^[14]
Hindustani	Hindi	पञ्छी /पंछी /pañchī	[pəɲ.t͡ʃʰiː]	'bird'	Usually written in Urdu with[n], and usually withanusvara in Hindi, written here with the dead consonant to demonstrate proper spelling. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	پنچھی /pañchī	[pəɲ.t͡ʃʰiː]	'bird'
Hmong	White Hmong	𖬖𖬲𖬮𖬵 /nyab	[ɲa˦]	'daughter-in-law'
Hungarian^[15]		anya	[ˈɒɲɒ]	'mother'	Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.^[8] SeeHungarian phonology
Italian	Standard	bagno	[ˈbäɲːo]	'bath'	Postalveolo-prepalatal.^[16] SeeItalian phonology
Italian	Romanesco dialect	niente	[ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e]	'nothing'	Postalveolo-prepalatal.^[16] SeeItalian phonology
Irish^[4]		inné	[əˈn̠ʲeː]	'yesterday'	Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal/n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar/ɲ/, velar/ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar/nʲ/.^[17]^[18]^[19]^[4] SeeIrish phonology
Japanese^[20]		庭 /niwa		'garden'	Alveolar or dento-alveolar.^[8] SeeJapanese phonology
Khasi		bseiñ	[bsɛɲ]	'snake'
Khmer		ពេញ /pénh	[pɨɲ]	'full'	SeeKhmer phonology
Korean		저녁 /jeonyeok	[t͡ɕʌɲ̟ʌk̚]	'evening'	Alveolo-palatal. SeeKorean phonology
Kurdish	Southern	یانزه /yanze	[jäːɲzˠa]	'eleven'	SeeKurdish phonology
Latvian		mākoņains	[maːkuɔɲains]	'cloudy'	SeeLatvian phonology
Macedonian		чешање /češanje	[ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ]	'itching'	SeeMacedonian phonology
Malagasy^[8]		^{[example needed]}	—	—	Palatal.
Malay		banyak /باڽـق	[bäɲäʔ]	'a lot'	Does not occur as a syllable-final coda. Allophone of/n/ before/t͡ʃ/ and/d͡ʒ/ so/punt͡ʃak/ 'peak' is read as[puɲt͡ʃäʔ], not*[punt͡ʃäʔ]. SeeMalay phonology
Malayalam^[21]		ഞാൻ /ڿٰانْ /ñān	[ɲäːn]	'I'
Mandarin	Sichuanese	女人 /ȵü³ ren²	[nʲy˨˩˦zən˧˥]	'women'	Alveolo-palatal
Mapudungun^[22]		ñachi	[ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ]	'spiced blood'
North Frisian	Mooring	fliinj	[ˈfliːɲ]	'to fly'
Norwegian	Northern^[23]	mann	[mɑɲː]	'man'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Norwegian	Southern^[23]	mann	[mɑɲː]	'man'	SeeNorwegian phonology
Occitan	Northern	Polonha	[puˈluɲo̞]	'Poland'	Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.^[8] SeeOccitan phonology
	Southern	Polonha	[puˈluɲo̞]	'Poland'
	Gascon	banh	[baɲ]	'bath'
Polish^[24]		koń	[kɔɲ̟]^ⓘ	'horse'	Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by anasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. SeePolish phonology
Portuguese	Many dialects^[25]	Sônia	[ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ]	'Sonia'	Possible realization of post-stressed/ni/ plus vowel.
	Brazilian^[25]^[26]	sonhar	[sõ̞ˈɲaɾ]	'to dream'	Central palatal, not the same that/ʎ/ which is pre-palatal.^[27] May instead beapproximant^[28]^[29] in Brazil andAfrica. May be pronounced[soj̃'ŋ̚ja(ɹ)]. SeePortuguese phonology
	European^[30]	arranhar	[ɐʁɐˈɲaɾ]^ⓘ	'to scratch'
Quechua		ñuqa	[ˈɲɔqɑ]	'I'
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[31]	câine	[ˈkɨɲe̞]	'dog'	Alveolo-palatal.^[31] corresponds to[n] in standard Romanian. SeeRomanian phonology
Sanskrit		यज्ञ /yajña	[ˈjɐd͡ʑ.ɲɐ]	'sacrifice'	SeeSanskrit phonology
Scottish Gaelic^[32]		seinn	[ʃein̪ʲ]	'sing'	Dento-alveolo-palatal. SeeScottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian^[33]		њој /njoj /	[ɲ̟ȏ̞j]	'to her'	Alveolo-palatal. SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Sinhala		ස්පාඤ්ඤය /spāññaya	[spaːɲɲəjə]	'Spain'
Slovak		pečeň	[ˈpɛ̝t͡ʂɛ̝ɲ̟]	'liver'	Alveolar.^[8] SeeSlovak phonology
Slovene	Some speakers, archaic	konj	[ˈkɔ̂nʲ]	'horse'	SeeSlovene phonology
Spanish^[34]		español	[e̞späˈɲol]	'Spanish'	Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.^[8] SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		nyama /نْيَامَ	[ɲɑmɑ]	'meat'
Tamil		ஞாயிறு /نَايِرُ /ñāyiru	[ɲaːjiru]	'Sunday'	Alveolo-palatal.^[35] SeeTamil phonology
Toki Pona	Some speakers	linja	[ˈliɲ.(j)a]	'line'
Tyap		nyam	[ɲam]	'animal'
Ukrainian		тінь /tin'	[t̪ʲin̠ʲ]	'shadow'	Alveolo-palatal. SeeUkrainian phonology
West Frisian		njonken	[ˈɲoŋkən]	'next to'	Phonemically/nj/. SeeWest Frisian phonology
Vietnamese	Hanoi	nhanh /𨗜	[ȵajŋ̟˧]	'agile, to run fast, vivacious'	"Laminoalveolar".^[36] SeeVietnamese phonology
Vietnamese	Ha Tinh	nhanh /𨗜	[ɲɛɲ˧˥˧]	'agile, to run fast, vivacious'
Wolof		ñaan /ݧَانْ
Wu	Shanghainese	女人 /nyúnyǐnh	[n̠ʲy˩˧n̠ʲɪɲ˥˨]	'women'	Alveolo-palatal.
Wu	Changzhounese	你 /nyi	[ȵi]	'you'	Alveolo-palatal.
Yi		ꑌ /nyi	[n̠ʲi˧]	'sit'	Alveolo-palatal.
Zulu		inyoni	[iɲ̟óːni]	'bird'	Alveolo-palatal.^[8]

Post-palatal

[edit]

Voiced post-palatal nasal
ɲ᫢
ŋ᫈

There is also apost-palatal nasal (also calledpre-velar,fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	Standard^[37]	gängig	[ˈɡ̟ɛŋ̟ɪç]	'common'	Allophone of/ŋ/ before and after front vowels;^[37] the example also illustrates[ɡ̟]. SeeStandard German phonology
Lithuanian^[38]		menkė	[ˈmʲæŋ̟k̟eː]	'cod'	Allophone of/n/ before palatalized velars;^[38] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. SeeLithuanian phonology
Mapudungun^[22]		dañe	[ˈθɐɲe̞]	'nest'
Polish^[39]^[40]		węgiel	[ˈvɛŋ̟ɡ̟ʲɛl]	'coal'	Allophone of/n/ before/kʲ,ɡʲ/.^[39]^[40] SeePolish phonology
Romanian^[41]		anchetă	[äŋ̟ˈk̟e̞t̪ə]	'inquiry'	Allophone of/n/ used before the palatalized allophones of/k,ɡ/.^[41] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ŋʲ⟩. SeeRomanian phonology
Turkish		renk	[ˈɾeɲc]	'color'	Allophone of/n/ before[c] and[ɟ]. SeeTurkish phonology
Uzbek^[42]		ming	[miŋ̟]	'thousand'	Word-final allophone of/ŋ/ after front vowels.^[42]
Vietnamese	Hanoi	nhanh /𨗜	[ɲ̟ajŋ̟˧˧]	'agile, to run fast, vivacious'	Final allophone of/ɲ/. SeeVietnamese phonology
Yanyuwa^[43]		lhuwanyngu	[l̪uwaŋ̟u]	'strip of turtle fat'	Post-palatal; contrasts with post-velar[ŋ̠].^[43]

Notes

[edit]

^Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
^Heselwood (2013), p. 113.
^Michaud, Alexis (2010-01-01).""The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet": translation of an article by André-Georges Haudricourt".Mon-Khmer Studies. Archived fromthe original on 2021-08-14. Retrieved2022-05-05.
^^a ^b ^cNí Chasaide (1999).
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
^Doke (1925), p. ?.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱRecasens (2013), p. 11.
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
^Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
^Regueira (1996), p. 119.
^Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
^^a ^bCunha (2009), pp. 42, 43.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
^Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
^Quiggin (1906).
^de Bhaldraithe (1966).
^Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
^Okada (1999), p. 118.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
^^a ^bSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 88.
^^a ^bSkjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
^Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
^^a ^bConsiderações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português Archived 2014-04-07 at theWayback Machine, p. 12.
^Aragão (2009), p. 168.
^Cagliari 1974, p. 77.Citation:Em português, o[ɲ] se aproxima mais do[ŋ] do que do[n]; por isso será classificado como "central" e não como pré-palatal. O[ʎ] em muitas línguas se realiza como "central"; em português,[ʎ] tende a[lj] e se realiza sempre na região prepalatal.
^"Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved2014-04-10.
^Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMattos_e_Silva1991 (help)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
^^a ^bPop (1938), p. 30.
^Oftedal (1956), p. 122.
^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić1999 (help)
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
^Keane, Elinor (2004)."Tamil".Journal of the International Phonetic Association.34 (1):111–116.doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
^^a ^bKrech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 97.
^^a ^bAmbrazas et al. (1997), p. 36.
^^a ^bGussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111, 114.
^^a ^bOstaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41, 86.
^^a ^bSarlin (2014), p. 17.
^^a ^bSjoberg (1963), p. 12.
^^a ^bLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34–35.

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External links

[edit]

List of languages with[ɲ] onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

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Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ