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Voiced palatal approximant

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Type of consonant used in many spoken languages
For consonants followed by superscript ʲ, seePalatalization (phonetics).
Voiced palatal approximant
j
ʝ̞(ʝ᫛)
IPA number153
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)j
Unicode(hex)U+006A
X-SAMPAj
Braille⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)
Image

Avoiced palatal approximant is a type ofconsonant used in manyspoken languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j⟩; the equivalent symbol in theAmericanist phonetic notation it is⟨y⟩. In order to not imply that the approximant is spread as the vowel[i] is, it may instead be transcribed ⟨ʝ̞⟩. When this sound occurs in the form of a palatal glide it is frequently, but not exclusively, denoted as a superscriptj ⟨ʲ⟩ in IPA.

This sound is traditionally called ayod,[1] after its name inHebrew. This is reflected in the names of certainphonological changes, such asyod-dropping andyod-coalescence.

A palatal approximant is often thesemivocalic equivalent of aclose front unrounded vowel[i]. Theyalternate with each other in certain languages, such asFrench, and in thediphthongs of some languages as ⟨j⟩ and ⟨i̯⟩, with the non-syllabic diacritic used in somephonetic transcription systems to represent the same sound.

Phonetic ambiguity and transcription usage

[edit]

Some languages, however, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding and so cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either[i] or its rounded counterpart,[y], which would normally correspond to[ɥ]. An example isSpanish, which distinguishes two palatal approximants: an approximant semivowel[j], which is always unrounded (and is a phonological vowel - an allophone of/i/), and an approximant consonant unspecified for rounding,[ʝ̞] (which is a phonological consonant). Eugenio Martínez Celdrán describes the difference between them as follows (with audio examples added):[2]

[j] is shorter and is usually a merely transitory sound. It can only exist together with a full vowel and does not appear in syllable onset. [On the other hand,][ʝ̞] has a lower amplitude, mainly in F2. It can only appear in syllable onset. It is not noisy either articulatorily or perceptually.[ʝ̞] can vary towards[ʝ] in emphatic pronunciations, having noise (turbulent airstream). (...)There is a further argument through which we can establish a clear difference between[j] and[ʝ̞]: the first sound cannot be rounded, not even through co-articulation, whereas the second one is rounded before back vowels or the back semi-vowel. Thus, in words likeviuda[ˈbjuða]ⓘ 'widow',Dios[ˈdjos]ⓘ 'God',vio[ˈbjo]ⓘ 's/he saw', etc., the semi-vowel[j] is unrounded; if it were rounded, a sound that does not exist in Spanish,[ɥ], would appear. On the other hand,[ʝ̞] is unspecified as far as rounding is concerned and it is assimilated to the labial vowel context: rounded with rounded vowels, e.g.ayuda[aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a]ⓘ 'help',coyote[koˈʝ̞ʷote]ⓘ 'coyote',hoyuelo[oˈʝ̞ʷwelo]ⓘ 'dimple', etc., and unrounded with unrounded vowels:payaso[paˈʝ̞aso]ⓘ 'clown',ayer[aˈʝ̞eɾ]ⓘ 'yesterday'.

Celdrán also considers that "the IPA shows a lack of precision in the treatment it gives to approximants, if we take into account our understanding of the phonetics of Spanish.[ʝ̞] and[j] are two different segments, but they have to be labelled as voiced palatal approximant consonants. I think that the former is a real consonant, whereas the latter is asemi-consonant, as it has traditionally been called in Spanish, or a semi-vowel, if preferred. The IPA, though, classifies it as a consonant."[3]

There is a parallel problem with transcribingvoiced velar approximants.

In the writing systems used for most languages of Central, Northern, and Eastern Europe, the letterj denotes a palatal approximant, as inGermanJahr 'year', which is followed by IPA. Although it may be seen as counterintuitive for English-speakers, there are a few words with that orthographical spelling in certain loanwords in English like Hebrew "hallelujah" and German "Jägermeister".

In grammars ofAncient Greek, a palatal approximant, which was lost early in thehistory of Greek, is sometimes written as⟨ι̯⟩, aniota with theinverted breve below, which is the nonsyllabic diacritic or marker of asemivowel.[4]

A voiced alveolar-palatal approximant is attested as phonemic in the Huastec language.

Features

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Features of a voiced palatal approximant:

  • Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream. The most common type of this approximant isglide orsemivowel. The termglide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of[j] from the[i] vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable). For a description of theapproximant consonant variant used e.g. in Spanish, see above.
  • Itsplace of articulation ispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of thetongue raised to thehard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar[ɰ].
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Palatal

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AdygheятӀэ /yat'a[jatʼa]ⓘ'dirt'
Afrikaansja[jɑː]'yes'SeeAfrikaans phonology
ArabicStandardيوم /yawm[jawm]'day'SeeArabic phonology
Aragonese[5]caye[ˈkaʝ̞e̞]'falls'Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel (which may replace/ʝ̞/ before/e/).[5]
ArmenianEastern[6]յուղ /yuq[juʁ]'fat'
Assameseমানৱীয়তা /manowiyota[manɔwijɔta]'humanity'
Assyrianܝܡܐ /yama[jaːma]'sea'
Azerbaijaniyuxu[juχu]'dream'
Basquebai[baj]'yes'
Bengaliনয়ন /noyon[nɔjon]'eye'A phonetic merger of the non-syllabic front vowels /i̯ e̯/. SeeBengali phonology
Bulgarianмайка /majka[ˈmajkɐ]'mother'SeeBulgarian phonology
Catalan[7]All dialectsfeia[ˈfejɐ]'I did'SeeCatalan phonology
Some dialectsjo[ˈjɔ]'I'
Chechenялх /yalx[jalx]'six'
ChineseCantonese日 /jat9[jɐt˨ʔ]'day'SeeCantonese phonology
Mandarin鸭 (鴨) /yā[ja˥]'duck'SeeMandarin phonology
Chuvashйывӑҫ /yıvëş[jɯʋəɕ̬]'tree'
Czechje[jɛ]ⓘ'is'SeeCzech phonology
Danishjeg[jɑ]'I'SeeDanish phonology
DutchStandard[8]ja[jaː]ⓘ'yes'Frequently realized as a fricative[ʝ], especially in emphatic speech.[8] SeeDutch phonology
Englishyou[juː]'you'SeeEnglish phonology
Esperantojaro[jaro]'year'SeeEsperanto phonology
Estonianjalg[ˈjɑlɡ]'leg'SeeEstonian phonology
Finnishjalka[ˈjɑlkɑ]'leg'SeeFinnish phonology
Frenchyeux[jø]'eyes'SeeFrench phonology
GermanStandard[9][10]Jacke[ˈjäkə]'jacket'Also described as a fricative[ʝ][11][12] and a sound variable between a fricative and an approximant.[13] SeeStandard German phonology
GreekAncient Greekεἴη /éiē[ějːɛː]'s/he shall come'SeeAncient Greek phonology
Hebrewילד /yeled[ˈjeled]'kid'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustaniयान /یان /yán[jäːn]'vehicle'SeeHindustani phonology
Hungarianjáték[jaːteːk]'game'SeeHungarian phonology
Irish[14]ghearrfadh[ˈjɑːɾˠhəx]'would cut'SeeIrish phonology
Ingushялат /jalat['jalat]'grain'SeeIngush phonology
Italian[15]ione[ˈjoːne]'ion'SeeItalian phonology
Jalapa Mazatec[16][example needed]Contrasts voiceless/j̊/, plain voiced/j/ and glottalized voiced/ȷ̃/ approximants.[16]
Japanese焼く /yaku[jaku͍]'to bake'SeeJapanese phonology
Kabardianйи /yi[ji]'game'
KazakhЯғни /yağni[jaʁni]'so'
Khmerយំ /yom[jom]'to cry'SeeKhmer phonology
Korean여섯 /yeoseot[jʌsʌt̚]'six'SeeKorean phonology
Latiniacere[ˈjakɛrɛ]'to throw'SeeLatin spelling and pronunciation
Lithuanian[17]ji[jɪ]'she'Also described as a fricative[ʝ].[18][19] SeeLithuanian phonology
Macedonianкрај /kraj[kraj]'end'SeeMacedonian phonology
Malaysayang[sajaŋ]'love'
Maltesejiekol[jɪɛkol]'he eats'
Mapudungun[20]kayu[kɜˈjʊ]'six'May be a fricative[ʝ] instead.[20]
Marathiयश /yaš[jəʃ]'success'
Nepaliयाम /yam[jäm]'season'SeeNepali phonology
NorwegianUrban East[21][22]gi[jiː]'to give'May be a fricative[ʝ] instead.[22][23] SeeNorwegian phonology
Odiaସମୟ /samaya[sɔmɔjɔ]'time'
Persianیزد /Yäzd[jæzd]'Yazd'SeePersian phonology
Polish[24]jutro[ˈjut̪rɔ]ⓘ'tomorrow'SeePolish phonology
Portuguese[25]boia[ˈbɔjɐ]'buoy', 'float'Allophone of both/i/ and/ʎ/,[26] as well as a very common epenthetic sound before coda sibilants in some dialects. SeePortuguese phonology
Punjabiਯਾਰ /yár[jäːɾ]'friend'
Romanianiar[jar]'again'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[27]яма /jama[ˈjämə]'pit'SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[28]југ /jug[jûɡ]'South'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak[29]jesť[jɛ̝sc]'to eat'SeeSlovak phonology
Slovenejaz[ˈjʌ̂s̪]'I'
Solosyas[jas]'up'See Alphabet section inSolos language
Spanish[30]Standardayer[aˈʝ̞e̞ɾ]ⓘ'yesterday'Unspecified for rounding approximant consonant; the language also features an unrounded palatal approximant semivowel.[30] Contrast with/j/. SeeSpanish phonology
tierra[ˈt̪je.ra]ⓘ'earth'
Rioplatensehielo[ˈje.lo]'ice'
Swedishjag[ˈjɑːɡ]'I'May be realized as a palatal fricative[ʝ] instead. SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalogmaya[ˈmajɐ]'sparrow'
Tamilயானை[ˈjaːnaɪ]'elephant'SeeTamil phonology
Teluguయాతన /yatana[jaːtana]'agony'
Turkish[31]yol[jo̞ɫ̪]'way'SeeTurkish phonology
Turkmenýüpek[jypek]'silk'
Ubykhајәушқӏa /ajëwšq'a[ajəwʃqʼa]'you did it'SeeUbykh phonology
Ukrainianїжак /ïžak[jiˈʒɑk]'hedgehog'SeeUkrainian phonology
VietnameseSouthern dialectsde[jɛ]'cinnamon'Corresponds to northern/z/. SeeVietnamese phonology
Washodayáʔ[daˈjaʔ]'leaf'Contrasts voiceless/j̊/ and voiced/j/ approximants.
Welshiaith[jai̯θ]'language'SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisianjas[jɔs]'coat'SeeWest Frisian phonology
ZapotecTilquiapan[32]yan[jaŋ]'neck'

Post-palatal

[edit]
Voiced post-palatal approximant
j˗
ɰ˖
ȷ̈
Audio sample

There is also thepost-palatal approximant[33] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back than the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal approximant but less far back than the prototypicalvelar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of theclose central unrounded vowel[ɨ]. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨j˗⟩ (aretracted ⟨j⟩) or ⟨ɰ˖⟩ (anadvanced ⟨ɰ⟩). Other possible transcriptions include ⟨ȷ̈⟩ (a centralized ⟨j⟩), ⟨ɰ̈⟩ (a centralized ⟨ɰ⟩), and ⟨ɨ̯⟩ (a non-syllabic ⟨ɨ⟩). The para-IPA symbol ⟨ɉ⟩ (a barred ⟨j⟩) may also be used to represent this approximant.[34]

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Spanish[35]seguir[se̞ˈɣ̞˖iɾ]ⓘ'to follow'Lenited allophone of/ɡ/ before front vowels;[35] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɣ⟩. SeeSpanish phonology
TurkishStandard prescriptive[36]düğün[ˈd̪y̠ȷ̈y̠n̪]'wedding'Either post-palatal or palatal; phonetic realization of/ɣ/ (also transcribed as/ɰ/) before front vowels.[36] SeeTurkish phonology

Nasal

[edit]
Nasal palatal approximant
ȷ̃
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAj~

Anasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨j̃⟩. The equivalent in theAmericanist phonetic notation it is ⟨ỹ⟩.

Features

[edit]

Features of anasal palatal approximant:

Occurrence

[edit]

[j̃], written⟨ny⟩,[citation needed] is a common realization of/j/ before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such asYoruba,Ewe andBini languages.

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Nheengatunheẽ[j̃ẽʔẽ]'to speak'Influenced Brazilian Portuguese⟨nh⟩ sound. Sometimes written with⟨ñ⟩
Hindustani[37]संयम /sanyama[səj̃jəm]'patience'Allophone of/n/ before[j]. SeeHindustani phonology
Kaingang[38][j̃ũ]'brave'Possible word-initial realization of/j/ before a nasal vowel.[39]
Lombardbisògn de[biˈzɔj̃d̪e]'need for (something)'Allophone of/ɲ/ before a consonant. SeeLombard phonology
Louisiana Creole[40]sinñinsɛ̃j̃ɛ̃'bleed'Intervocalic allophone of/ɲ/
Polish[41]państwo[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]'state, country'Allophone of/ɲ/ before fricatives. SeePolish phonology
PortugueseBrazilian[42]sonho[ˈsõj̃ʊ]'dream'Allophone of/ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original/ɲ/ sound.[43][44] SeePortuguese phonology
Most dialects[45]cães[kɐ̃j̃s]'dogs'Allophone ofj afternasal vowels.
Some dialects[43]me ame![ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]'love me!'Non-syllabic allophone of/i/ betweennasal sounds.
Shipibo[46][example needed]Allophone of/j/ after nasal vowels.[46]
SpanishZwolle-Ebarb[47]año[ˈãj̃o]'year'Allophone of/ɲ/ between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech[48]niños[ˈnij̃os]'kids'Allophone of/ɲ/. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
Sakhaайыы[aȷ̃ɯː]'sin, transgression'/ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from/j/ in the orthography.[49]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Glain, Olivier (2012)."The yod /j/: palatalise it or drop it! How Traditional Yod Forms are disappearing from Contemporary English"(PDF).Cercles.22.Jean Monnet University:4–24. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved2016-03-23.
  2. ^Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 208.
  3. ^Martínez Celdrán (2004), p. 206.
  4. ^Smyth (1920), p. 11.
  5. ^abMott (2007), pp. 105–106.
  6. ^Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  7. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  8. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 198.
  9. ^Kohler (1999), p. 86.
  10. ^Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015), p. 340.
  11. ^Mangold (2005), p. 51.
  12. ^Krech et al. (2009), p. 83.
  13. ^Hall (2003), p. 48.
  14. ^Ó Sé (2000), p. 17.
  15. ^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  16. ^abSilverman et al. (1995), p. 83.
  17. ^Mathiassen (1996), pp. 22–23.
  18. ^Augustaitis (1964), p. 23.
  19. ^Ambrazas et al. (1997), pp. 46–47.
  20. ^abSadowsky et al. (2013), p. 91.
  21. ^Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 22 and 25.
  22. ^abVanvik (1979), p. 41.
  23. ^Kristoffersen (2000), p. 74.
  24. ^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  25. ^Delta: Documentation of studies on theoric and applied Linguistics – Problems in the tense variant of carioca speech(in Portuguese).
  26. ^The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony(in Portuguese). Pages 223 and 228.
  27. ^Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.
  28. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  29. ^Pavlík (2004), p. 106.
  30. ^abMartínez Celdrán (2004), p. 205.
  31. ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  32. ^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  33. ^Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".
  34. ^L2/24-171: Miscellaneous historical and para-IPA modifier letters
  35. ^abCanellada & Madsen (1987), p. 21.
  36. ^abZimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  37. ^Canepari (2005:335)
  38. ^Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
  39. ^Jolkesky (2009:681)
  40. ^Klingler, Thomas A.; Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2013)."Louisiana Creole". In Michaelis, Susanne Maria; Maurer, Philippe; Haspelmath, Martin; Huber, Magnus (eds.).The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. 2: Portuguese-based,Spanish–based, and French-based languages. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-967770-2.
  41. ^Gussman (2007)
  42. ^Perini (2002:?)
  43. ^abPortuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
  44. ^Mattos e Silva (1991:73)
  45. ^Vigário (2003:77)
  46. ^abValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
  47. ^Stark (1980:170)
  48. ^Lipski, John M. (1989)."Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis"(PDF).Probus.1 (2).doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211.S2CID 170139844.
  49. ^"Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet".omniglot.com. Retrieved2024-08-01.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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