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Voiced labiodental affricate

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Consonantal sound

Voiced labiodental affricate

b̪v

Audio sample

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Avoiced labiodental affricate ([b̪͜v] inIPA) is a rareaffricate consonant that is initiated as avoiced labiodental stop[b̪] and released as avoiced labiodental fricative[v].

Features of a voiced labiodental affricate:

Itsmanner of articulation isaffricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
There are two variants of thestop component:
- bilabial, which means it is articulated with bothlips. The affricate with this stop component is calledbilabial-labiodental.
- labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upperteeth.
Thefricative component of this affricate islabiodental, articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, themedian–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Chinese	Teochew	未來bhuê⁷ lai⁵	[b̪͡vue꜔꜔lai˥˥]	'future'	Allophone of/b/ before/u/ in Chaoyang dialect^[1]
Chinese	SomeCentral Plains Mandarin dialects	脊椎jǐzhuī	[tɕi⁵⁵b̪͡ve²⁴]	'backbone'	The labialized retroflex fricatives and affricates[ʂʷ,tʂʷ,tʂʰʷ](sometimes including[ʐʷ~ɻʷ]) in Old Mandarin (respectively represented by sh, zh, ch in modern Standard Mandarin) become the labiodental[f,p̪͡f,p̪͡fʰ] (sometimes including[v]).^[2]The unaspirated[p̪͡f] occasionally becomes voiced under intervocalic situations.
English	Some speakers	invent	[ɪɱˈb̪͡vent]	'invent'	Allophone of /v/ after nasal consonants for some speakers. Usually occurs in fast and/or casual speech.
English	Some speakers	obvious	[ˈɑˌb̪͡viˌəs]	'obvious'	Occasional pronunciation of a /bv/ or /pv/ consonant cluster.
Italian	Some central-south dialects^[3]	invetta	[iɱˈb̪͡vet̪t̪ä]	'at the top'	Labiodental; allophone of/v/ after nasals.^[3] SeeItalian phonology
Luxembourgish^[4]		Kampf am Ënnergrond	[ˈkʰɑmb͡vɑmˈənɐɡʀont]	'underground battle'	Allophone of a word-final/pf/ before a word-initial vowel. Occurs only in German loanwords.^[4] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Ngiti^[5]		abvɔ	[āb̪͡vɔ̄]	'thorny vine'	Less commonly [b͡β]^[6]
Sopvoma (Mao)^[7]		bvóthà	[b̪͡vótʰà]	'kill by goring'	Distinct from the voiced labiodental fricative [v].
Tsonga	XiNkuna dialect	shilebvu	[ʃileb̪͡vu]	'chin'

^Zhang (2016), pp. 233.
^Karlgren, Bernhard (1915–1916).Études sur la phonologie chinoise [Study on the Chinese phonology] (in French). Stockholm: Brill. pp. 268, 417, 464.
^^a ^bCanepari (1992), p. 71.
^^a ^bGilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 72–73.
^Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 31.
^Kutsch Lojenga (1994), p. 45.
^Giridhar, P P. (1994).Mao Naga Grammar. Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 26.

Zhang, Guangyu (2016).閩客方言史稿 [History of Min & Hakka Dialects] (增訂本 ed.). Wu-Nan Book Inc.ISBN 9789571187419.
Canepari, Luciano (1992),Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli,ISBN 88-08-24624-8
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Kutsch Lojenga, Constance (1994),Ngiti: a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag,ISBN 978-3-927620-71-1

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		(Alveolo-)palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ					ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ