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Voiced labial–velar approximant

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨w⟩ in IPA

"w (IPA)" redirects here. For consonants followed by superscript ʷ, seeLabialization.

Voiced labial–velar approximant

IPA number 170

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity(decimal) w

Unicode(hex) U+0077

X-SAMPA w

Braille

Image

Compressed labial–velar approximant
ɰᵝ

Avoiced labial–velar approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in certainspoken languages, including English. It is the sound denoted by the letter⟨w⟩ in the English alphabet;^[1] likewise, the symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨w⟩, or rarely[ɰʷ]. In most languages it is thesemivocalic counterpart of aclose back rounded vowel[u]. In inventory charts of languages with otherlabialized velar consonants,/w/ will be placed in the same column as those consonants. When consonant charts have only labial and velar columns,/w/ may be placed in the velar column, labial column, or both. The placement may have more to do with convenience or phonological criteria than with phonetics.^[2]

For alabialized post-palatal approximant sometimes described as avoiced labial–prevelar approximant, which is more fronted in the place of articulation than a prototypical labial–velar approximant, seeLabial–palatal approximant § Post-palatal.

Features

[edit]

Features of a voiced labial–velar approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream. The type of approximant isglide orsemivowel. The termglide emphasizes the characteristic of movement (or 'glide') of/w/ from the/u/ vowel position to a following vowel position. The termsemivowel emphasizes that, although the sound is vocalic in nature, it is not 'syllabic' (it does not form the nucleus of a syllable).
Itsplace of articulation islabialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of thetongue raised toward thesoft palate (the velum) whilerounding the lips. Some languages, such asJapanese and perhaps the NorthernIroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as[w] where the lips arecompressed (or at least not rounded), which is a truelabial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol[w] in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic,[w̜].
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		ауаҩы /awaẅy	[awaˈɥə]	'human'	SeeAbkhaz phonology
Adyghe		о /o	[wɐ]	'you (singular)'	SeeAdyghe phonology
Alemannic	Bernese	Giel	[ɡ̊iə̯w]	'boy'	Allophone of[l]
Arabic	Modern Standard^[3]	وَرْد /ward	[ward]	'rose'	SeeArabic phonology
Assamese		ৱাশ্বিংটন /Washington	[wasiŋtɔn]	'Washington'
Basque		lau	[law]	'four'
Belarusian		воўк /voŭk	[vɔ̝u̯k]^ⓘ	'wolf'	SeeBelarusian phonology
Bengali		ওয়াদা /wada	[wá̠d̪a̠ˑ]	'promise'	Fortitional allophone of the semivowels[o̯] and[u̯], especially in loan words. SeeBengali phonology
Berber		ⴰⵡⴰⵍ /äwäl	[æwæl]	'speech'
Breton		nav	[ˈnaw]	'nine'
Bulgarian	Colloquial	лопата /lopata	[woˈpat̪ɐ]	'shovel'	Contemporary pronunciation of/ɫ/, an ongoingsound change. SeeBulgarian phonology.
	Pernik dialects	лопата /lopata	[woˈpat̪ɐ]	'shovel'	This dialect has a long-standing tradition of pronouncing/ɫ/ as/w/, similar to the Polish language. Independent of the similar sound change happening in the standard language.
	Standard Bulgarian	уиски /uiski	[ˈwisk̟i]	'whiskey'	Appears in borrowings. SeeBulgarian phonology
Burmese		ဝါဒ /wadạ	[wàda̰]	'belief'
Catalan^[4]		quart	[ˈkwɑɾt]	'fourth'	Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeeCatalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	挖 /waat	[wɑːt̚˧]^ⓘ	'dig'	SeeCantonese phonology
Chinese	Mandarin	挖 /wā	[wa̠˥]^ⓘ	'dig'	SeeMandarin phonology
Danish		hav	[hɑw]	'ocean'	Allophone of[v]
Dutch	Colloquial	kouwe	[ˈkʌu̯wə]	'cold'	Lenited allophone of/d/ after/ʌu̯/. Corresponds to/d/ in the standard language (cf.koude). SeeDutch phonology
Dutch	StandardSurinamese	welp	[wɛɫp]	'cub'	May also occur in this context in some continental Dutch accents and/or dialects.^[5]^[6] Corresponds to[ʋ] in most of the Netherlands and to[β̞] in Belgium and (southern) parts of the Netherlands. SeeDutch phonology
English		weep	[wiːp]	'weep'	SeeEnglish phonology
French^[7]		oui	[wi]^ⓘ	'yes'	SeeFrench phonology
German		Quelle	[kweːlə]	'source'	Some regions^{[citation needed]}
Hawaiian^[8]		wikiwiki	[witiwiti]	'fast'	May also be realized as[v]. SeeHawaiian phonology
Hebrew	Mizrahi	כּוֹחַ /kowaḥ	[ˈkowaħ]	'power'	SeeModern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Hindi	विश्वास /viśvās	[ʋɪʃwäːs]	'belief'	Allophone of/ʋ/. SeeHindustani phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Urdu	وشواس /viśvās	[ʋɪʃwäːs]	'belief'	Allophone of/ʋ/. SeeHindustani phonology
Irish		vóta	[ˈwoːt̪ˠə]	'vote'	SeeIrish phonology
Italian^[10]		uomo	[ˈwɔːmo]	'man'	SeeItalian phonology
Kabardian		уэ /wə	[wɐ]^ⓘ	'you (singular)'
Karakalpak		туўыў /tuwıw	[tʰuˈwuw]	'birth'
Kazakh		ауа /aua	[ɑ̝wɑ̝́]	'air'
Korean		왜가리 /waegari	[wɛɡɐɾi]	'heron'	SeeKorean phonology
Kyrgyz		аба /aba	[ɑ̀w̜ɑ]	'air'	Lenited allophone of/b/. SeeKyrgyz phonology
Lao		ຫວານ /wan	[wǎːn]	'sweet'	SeeLao phonology
Luxembourgish^[11]		zwee	[t͡swe̝ː]	'two'	Allophone of/v/ after/k,t͡s,ʃ/.^[12] SeeLuxembourgish phonology
Malay		wang	[waŋ]	'money'
Malayalam		ഉവ്വ /uvva	[uwːɐ]	'yes'	/ʋ/ around rounded vowels for some speakers.
Mayan	Yucatec	witz	[wit͡s]	'mountain'
Mongolian		гавал /ᠭᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ /gawal	[ɢ̥á̠w̜ɐ̆ɬ]	'skull'
Nepali		हावा /hawa	[ɦa̠wa̠]	'wind'	SeeNepali phonology
Odia^[13]		ଅଗ୍ରୱାଲ୍ /ogrowal	[ɔgɾɔwäl]	'Agrawal'
Pashto		ﻭﺍﺭ /wār	[wɑr]	'one time'
Persian	Dari	وَرزِش /warzish	[warˈzɪʃ]	'sport'	May approach/ʋ/ in some regional dialects.
Persian	Farsi	نَو /nov	[now]	'new'	Only in a diphthong or colloquially.
Polish^[14]		łaska	[ˈwäskä]^ⓘ	'grace'	SeePolish phonology. Corresponds to[ɫ] in older pronunciation and eastern dialects.
Portuguese^[15]	Most dialects	quando	[ˈkwɐ̃du]	'when'	Post-lexically after/k/ and/ɡ/. SeePortuguese phonology
	Most dialects	boa	[ˈbow.wɐ]	'good' (f.)	Epenthetic glide or allophone of/u/, following a stressed rounded vowel and preceding an unrounded one.^[16]
	GeneralBrazilian	qual	[ˈkwaw]	'which'	Allophone of/l/ in coda position for most Brazilian dialects.^[15]
Romanian		dulău	[d̪uˈl̪əw]^ⓘ	'mastiff'	SeeRomanian phonology
Russian		волк /volk	[wou̯k]	'wolf'	Southern dialects.
Serbo-Croatian	Croatian^[17]	vuk	[wûːk]	'wolf'	Allophone of/ʋ/ before/u/.^[17] SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene^[18]^[19]		cerkev	[ˈt͡sèːrkəw]	'church'	Allophone of/ʋ/ in the syllable coda.^[18]^[19] Voiceless[ʍ] before voiceless consonants. SeeSlovene phonology
Sotho		sewa	[ˈsewa]	'epidemic'	SeeSesotho phonology
Svan		კუ̂ენ /k’wen	[kʼwen]	'marten'
Spanish^[20]		cuanto	[ˈkwãn̪t̪o̞]	'as much'	SeeSpanish phonology
Swahili		mwanafunzi	[mwɑnɑfunzi]	'student'
Swedish	Central Standard^[21]				Labialized approximant consonant; allophone of/ɡ/ in casual speech before the protruded vowels/ɔ,oː/. SeeSwedish phonology
Tagalog		araw	[ˈɐɾaw]	'day'	SeeTagalog phonology
Thai		แหวน /waen	[wɛ̌ːn]	'ring'	SeeThai phonology
Toki Pona		wile	[wile]	'to want'
Vietnamese^[22]	Standard	uỷ	[ʔwi˧˩]	'to delegate'	SeeVietnamese phonology
Vietnamese^[22]	Southern	quê	[wej˧˧]	'hometown'
Ukrainian		любов /liubov	[lʲubɔw]^ⓘ	'love'	SeeUkrainian phonology
Welsh		gwae	[ɡwaɨ]	'woe'	SeeWelsh phonology
West Frisian		skowe	[skoːwə]	'to shove'

Nasal

[edit]

"W̃" redirects here. For the hypothetical particle with symbol W̃, seeGaugino.

Nasalized voiced labial–velar approximant
w̃

Anasalized voiced labial–velar approximant is a type ofconsonantal sound used in some languages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is typically ⟨w̃⟩ (anasalized ⟨w⟩), though for preciseness ⟨ɰ̃ʷ⟩ (a nasalized andlabialized ⟨ɰ⟩) may also be seen.

Features

[edit]

Features of a nasal labial–velar approximant:

Itsmanner of articulation isapproximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce aturbulent airstream.
Itsplace of articulation islabial–velar, which means it is simultaneously articulated with the lips and with the back part of thetongue (the dorsum) against thesoft palate (the velum). The dorsal closure is made and released slightly before the labial closure, but they overlap for most of their duration.
Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is anasal consonant, which means air is exclusively allowed to escape through the nose for nasal stops; otherwise, in addition to through the mouth.
It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Guaraní	Paraguayan^[23]	guaraníme	[ɰ̃ʷãɾ̃ãˈnĩmẽ]	'in Guarani'	Allophone of/ɰ/ in the digraph⟨gu⟩, nasalized due tovowel-consonant harmony.^[23]
Kaingang^[24]		[w̃ĩ]		'to see'	Possible word-initial realization of/w/ before a nasal vowel.^[25]
Polish^{[citation needed]}		są	[sɔw̃]	'they are'	SeePolish phonology
Portuguese	Most dialects^[26]^[27]	são	[sɐ̃w̃]	'saint', 'they are'	Allophone of/w/ afternasal vowels. SeePortuguese phonology
Portuguese	Some dialects^[28]	muamba	[ˈmw̃ɐ̃bɐ]	'smuggling', 'jobbery', 'stash'	Non-syllabic allophone of/u/ betweennasal sounds.
Marathi		संशय /saṃśay	[sə̃w̃ʃəe̯]	'doubt'	Anuswara (ṁ) preceding र (r), व (v), श (ś), ष (ṣ), स (s), ह (h) or ज्ञ (jñ/dnya) is rendered as 'w̃'.
Seri		cmiique	[ˈkw̃ĩːkːɛ]	'person'	Allophone of/m/.
Shipibo^[29]		banwan^[30]	[βɐ̃ˈw̃ɐ̃]	'parrot'	Allophone of/w/ after nasal vowels.^[29]
Telugu		ఆమ్లం /āmlaṃ	[aːw̃alaw̃]	'acid'	Common colloquial pronunciation of intervocalic and final m. May also be a[ʋ̃].^[31]
Uwa		táw̃aya	[ˈtaw̃aja]	'yellow'
Yoruba		wọ́n	[w̃ɔ̃́n]	'they'	Allophone of/w/ before nasal vowels.

Notes

[edit]

^Guidelines for Transcription of English Consonants and Vowels(PDF), archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2012-08-13, retrieved2009-01-04;see the examples on the fifth page.
^Ohala & Lorentz (1977), p. 577.
^Watson (2002), p. 13.
^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 55.
^"Recording dialect from Egmond aan Zee (Bergen), North Holland)".www.meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved26 January 2022.
^"Recording and video from dialect of Katwijk, South Holland".YouTube. 17 December 2016. Retrieved26 January 2022.
^Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 75.
^Pukui & Elbert (1986), p. xvii.
^Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
^Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67, 69.
^Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 69.
^Masica (1991), p. 107.
^Jassem (2003), p. 103.
^^a ^bBarbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
^France (2004).
^^a ^bLandau et al. (1999), p. 68.
^^a ^bŠuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 136.
^^a ^bGreenberg (2006), p. 18.
^Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 256.
^Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
^Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
^^a ^bEstigarribia, Bruno (2020).A Grammar of Paraguayan Guarani(PDF). London: UCL Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^Jolkesky (2009:676, 681)
^Jolkesky (2009:681)
^Cruz-Ferreira (1995:127)
^Bisol (2005:179)
^Lipski, John M. (1975)."Portuguesevinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-08-12. Retrieved2025-05-08.
^^a ^bValenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
^"Shipibo language, alphabet and pronunciation".www.omniglot.com. Retrieved2019-11-27.
^a study of telugu regional and social dialects: a prosodic analysis by j. venkateswara sastry

References

[edit]

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (2):227–232,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
Bisol, Leda (2005),Introdução a estudos de fonologia do português brasileiro (in Portuguese), Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul: EDIPUCRS,ISBN 85-7430-529-4
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,22 (1–2):53–56,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618,S2CID 249411809
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,25 (2):90–94,doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223,S2CID 249414876
Engstrand, Olle (2004),Fonetikens grunder (in Swedish), Lund: Studenlitteratur,ISBN 91-44-04238-8
Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,23 (2):73–76,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,S2CID 249404451
France, Angela (2004)."Problemas na variante tensa da fala carioca" [Problems with tense variant of carioca speech].DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada (in Portuguese).20 (spe). São Paulo:33–58.doi:10.1590/S0102-44502004000300005.ISSN 0102-4450.
Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,43 (1):67–74,doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
Greenberg, Mark L. (2006),A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009),"Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble",Anais do SETA,3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP:675–685
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (1):103–107,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
Ladefoged, Peter (2005),Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69,ISBN 0-521-65236-7
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,33 (2):255–259,doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Ohala, John; Lorentz, James (1977),"Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns"(PDF),Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings, pp. 577–599
Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H. (1986),Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press,ISBN 0-8248-0703-0
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,34 (1):117–121,doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene",Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139,doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874,ISBN 0-521-65236-7,S2CID 249404451
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics",Language,35 (3):454–476,doi:10.2307/411232,JSTOR 411232
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001),"Shipibo",Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31 (2):281–285,doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
Watson, Janet (2002),The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
Masica, Colin (1991).The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.

External links

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International Phonetic Alphabet(chart)

IPA topics

IPA	International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA)
Special topics	Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects
Encodings	ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Usenet ASCII-IPA TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼	n̪̊	n̪	n̥	n	n̠̊	n̠	ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼	t̪	d̪	t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate							t̪s̪	d̪z̪	ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilantfricative							s̪	z̪	s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant		β̞		ʋ				ð̞		ɹ		ɹ̠		ɻ		j		ɰ						˷
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̮
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r		r̠	ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative							ɬ̪		ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant								l̪	l̥	l		l̠	ɭ̊	ɭ	ʎ̥	ʎ	ʟ̥	ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̊	𝼈		ʎ̮		ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuislateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ