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Voiced alveolar fricative

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(Redirected fromVoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative)
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA
Voiced alveolar fricative
z
IPA number133
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)z
Unicode(hex)U+007A
X-SAMPAz
Braille⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
Image

Voiced alveolar fricatives areconsonantal sounds. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether asibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

  • The symbol for an alveolarsibilant is ⟨z⟩. The IPA letter⟨z⟩ is not normally used fordental orpostalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
  • The IPA symbol for an alveolarnon-sibilant fricative is derived by means ofdiacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.
Voicedcoronal fricatives
DentalDenti-
alveolar		AlveolarPost-alveolar
RetractedRetroflexPalato-
alveolar		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilantplainz̪z̟z͇z̠ʐʒʑ
Non-sibilantðð͇ɻ̝
tappedɾ̞
Coronal sibilants
IPA
symbol		meaning
place
of articulation		passive
(mouth)		⟨z̪⟩dental
⟨z̟⟩advanced
(denti-alveolar)
⟨z͇⟩alveolar
⟨z̠⟩retracted
(postalveolar)
active
(tongue)		⟨z̺⟩apical
⟨z̻⟩laminal
⟨ʐ⟩retroflex
secondary⟨zʲ⟩palatalized coronal
⟨ʑ⟩alveolo-palatal
⟨ʒ⟩palato-alveolar
⟨zʷ⟩labialized coronal
⟨zˠ⟩velarized coronal
⟨zˤ⟩pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time⟨zʱ⟩breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

[edit]

Avoiced alveolar sibilant is common acrossEuropean languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to itsvoiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of[z] are languages ofEurope,Africa, orWestern Asia.[citation needed]

Features

[edit]
  • Itsmanner of articulation issibilantfricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along agroove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequencyturbulence.
  • There are at least three specific variants of[z]:
    • Dentalized laminalalveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of[z] is very strong.[1]
    • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at thealveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. According toLadefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half ofEnglish speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
    • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectivelyapical andlaminal. Acoustically, it is close to[ʒ] or laminal[ʐ].
  • Itsphonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is anoral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
  • It is acentral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Itsairstream mechanism ispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with theintercostal muscles andabdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

[edit]

Dentalized laminal alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
ArmenianEastern[2]զարդ /zart[z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ]ⓘ'decoration'
Azerbaijani[3]zoğ[z̪ɔʁ]'sprout'
Belarusian[4]база /baza[ˈbäz̪ä]'base'Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeBelarusian phonology
Bulgarian[5]езеро /ezero[ˈɛz̪ɛro]'lake'Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech[6]zima[ˈz̪ɪmä]'winter'SeeCzech phonology
EnglishMulticultural London[7]zoo[z̪ʏˑy̯]'zoo'SeeEnglish phonology
French[8][9]zèbre[z̪ɛbʁ]ⓘ'zebra'SeeFrench phonology
Hungarian[10]zálog[ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]'pledge'SeeHungarian phonology
Kashubian[11][example needed]
Kazakh[12]заң /zań[z̪ɑŋ]'law'
Kyrgyz[13]заң /zań
Latvian[14]zars[z̪ärs̪]'branch'SeeLatvian phonology
Macedonian[15]зошто /zošto[ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]'why'SeeMacedonian phonology
Mirandesedaprendizaige[d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]'learning'Contrasts sevensibilants altogether, preserving medievalIbero-Romance contrasts.
Polish[1][16]zero[ˈz̪ɛrɔ]ⓘ'zero'SeePolish phonology
PortugueseMost speakersEstados Unidos[isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]'United States'SeePortuguese phonology
Romanian[17]zar[z̪är]'dice'SeeRomanian phonology
Russian[18]заезжать /zaězžať[z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ]ⓘ'to pick up'Contrasts with palatalized form. SeeRussian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19][20]зајам /zajam[z̪ǎːjäm]'loan'SeeSerbo-Croatian phonology
Slovakzima[ˈz̪imä]'winter'
Slovene[21]zima[ˈz̪ìːmá]'winter'
Turkish[8][22]göz[ɟø̞̈z̪]'eye'SeeTurkish phonology
Ukrainian[23]зуб /zub[z̪ub]'tooth'Contrasts withpalatalized form. SeeUkrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[24]koza[ˈkɔz̪ä]'goat'
Uzbek[25]zafar[z̪äˈfäɾ]'victory'
VietnameseHanoi[26]da[z̪äː]'skin'SeeVietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Adygheзы[romanization needed][ˈzə]ⓘ'one'
Albanianzjarr[zjar]'fire'
ArabicStandard[27]زائِر[romanization needed][ˈzaːʔir]'visitor'SeeArabic phonology
Assameseজলকীয়া[romanization needed][zɔlɔkija]'chili'
Assyrianܙܢ̱ܓܐ /zìga[ziɡa]'bell'
Bengaliনামাজ[romanization needed][namaz]'Salah'Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by[dʒ].
SeeBengali phonology
Bretoniliz[iliz]'church'
Chechenзурма /zurma[zuɾma]'music'
EmilianBologneseraṡån[raːz̺ʌŋ]'reason'Palatalized apical; may be[ʐ] or[ʒ] instead.
Englishzoo[zuː]ⓘ'zoo'Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. SeeEnglish phonology
Esperantokuzo[ˈkuzo]'cousin'SeeEsperanto phonology
Georgian[28]ზარი[romanization needed][ˈzɑɾi]'bell'
GreekAthens dialect[29]ζάλη /záli[ˈz̻ali]'dizziness'SeeModern Greek phonology
Hebrewזאב[romanization needed][zeˈʔev]'wolf'SeeModern Hebrew phonology
HindustaniHindiज़मीन[romanization needed][zəmiːn]'land'May be replaced in Hindi by[dʒ]. SeeHindustani phonology
Urduزمین
Japanese[30]全部 /zenbu[zembɯ]'everything'Might be replaced with[dz]. SeeJapanese phonology
Kabardianзы[romanization needed][ˈzə]ⓘ'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Yazilamiz[zilʌmiz]'go'
Kashmiriज़ानुन /زانُن[romanization needed][zaːnun]'to know'
Khmerបែលហ្ស៊ិក /bêlhsĭk[ɓaelzɨk]noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		SeeKhmer phonology
Konda[31][32]sunz[sunz]'to sleep'
Malaybeza[bezə]'difference'
Malteseżelu[zelu]'zeal'
Marathiजर[romanization needed][zər]'if'SeeMarathi phonology.
Nepaliहजार[romanization needed][ɦʌzäɾ]'thousand'Coda and intervocalic allophone of/d͡z/ and/d͡zʱ/.[33]
काग​ज[romanization needed][käɣʌz]'paper'
बुझाउनु[romanization needed][buzäu̯nu]'to explain'
माझ[romanization needed][mäz]'middle'
OccitanLimousinjòune[ˈzɒwne]'young'SeeOccitan phonology
Persianروز[ɾuːz]'day'
Portuguese[34]casa[ˈkazɐ]'house'SeePortuguese phonology
PunjabiGurmukhiਹਜ਼ਾਰ[romanization needed][həˈzaːr]'thousand'May be replaced by[dʒ] inGurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhiہزار[romanization needed]
SpanishAndalusiancomunismo[ko̞muˈnizmo̞]'communism'Allophone of/s/ before voiced consonants, when it is notdebuccalized to[h~ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize/s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before/d/ it is dental[z̪].
Latin American
Filipino
Swahililazima[lɑzimɑ]'must'
TamilJaffna Tamilகடுதாசி[romanization needed][kɐɖuðaːzi]'letter'Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly.[35]
West Frisian[36]sizze[ˈsɪzə]'to say'It never occurs in word-initial positions. SeeWest Frisian phonology
Yiꍂ /ssy[zɹ̩˧]'generation'
Yiddishזון /zien[zin]'son'
ZapotecTilquiapan[37]guanaz[ɡʷanaz]'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Catalan[38][39]zel[ˈz̺ɛɫ]'zeal'Apical. SeeCatalan phonology
Galicianmesmo[ˈme̞z̺mo̞]'same'Apical. Allophone of/s/ before voiced consonants. Before/d/ it is pronounced dentally[z̪].
Greek[40]μάζα /máza[ˈmɐz̠ɐ]'mass'SeeModern Greek phonology
ItalianCentral Italy[41]caso[ˈkäːz̠o]'case'Present inLazio north of Cape Linaro,[41] most ofUmbria[41] (savePerugia and the extreme south)[41] andLe Marche south of thePotenza.[41]
Northern Italy[42][43]Apical.[44] Present in many areas north of theLa Spezia–Rimini Line.[45][46] SeeItalian phonology
Sicily[41]Present south and west of a line drawn fromSyracuse toCefalù.[41]
Low German[47][example needed]
Maldivianzaraafaa[z̺aˈraːfaː]'giraffe'
Mirandeseeisistir[e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]'to exist'Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaevalIbero-Romance sibilants:⟨ch⟩/tʃ/,⟨x⟩/ʃ/,⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩/ʒ/,⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩/s̪/,⟨z⟩/z̪/,⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩-/s̺/, -⟨s⟩-/z̺/
OccitanGasconcasèrna[kaz̺ɛrno]'barracks'SeeOccitan phonology
Languedocienvéser[bez̺e]'to see'
Piedmonteseamis[aˈmiz̠]'friend'Apical. SeePiemontese phonology
PortugueseCoastal NorthernEuropean[example needed]Merges with non-retracted/z/. SeePortuguese phonology
Inland NorthernEuropean[example needed]Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted/z/. SeePortuguese phonology
SpanishAndeanmismo[ˈmiz̺mo̞]'same'Apical. Allophone of/s/ before voiced consonants. Before/d/ it is pronounced dentally[z̪]. SeeSpanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
GermanStandard[48]sauber[ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]'clean'Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[48] SeeStandard German phonology
ItalianStandard[49]caso[ˈkäːzo]'case'Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[49] SeeItalian phonology
Ticino[44]Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical.[50] Both variants may be labiodentalized.[44] SeeItalian phonology
DutchBelgian Standard[51]zeep[zeːpʰ]ⓘ'soap'Laminal.[51] SeeDutch phonology
Northern Standard[52][53][zeɪ̯pʰ]ⓘLaminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction. If not the main allophone, it is oftenretracted when preconsonantal, after rounded vowels and/r/.[52] SeeDutch phonology
zat[ˈz̠ɑtʰ]ⓘ'full', 'fed (up)'

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

[edit]
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ɹ̝
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ð​̠
Unicode(hex)U+00F0 U+0320

Avoiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As theInternational Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for allcoronal places of articulation that are notpalatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ and ⟨ɹ̝⟩.

A few languages also have avoiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur, such as ⟨ɾ̞⟩. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[54]

Features

[edit]

Occurrence

[edit]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
AragoneseChistabino[55]aire[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]'air'Tapped; common realization of/ɾ/.[55]
Czech[56]čtyři[ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]'four'May be africative trill[56] or atap fricative instead.[57] It contrasts with/r/ and/ʒ/. SeeCzech phonology
Dahalo[58][káð̠i]'work'Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of/d̠/, and may be an approximant[ð̠˕] or simply a plosive[d] instead.[59]
Dutch[60]voor[vöːɹ̝]'for'One of many possible realizations of/r/; distribution unclear. SeeDutch phonology
EmilianBolognesechèṡ[ˈkɛːð̠]'case'Laminal
EnglishScouse[61]maid[meɪð̠]'maid'Allophone of/d/. SeeEnglish phonology
South African[62][63]round[ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]'round'Apical,[63] present in some urban dialects.[62] SeeSouth African English phonology
Icelandic[64][65]góða[ˈko̞ˑu̯ˑð̠ä]ⓘ'good (inflexion)'Usually apical,[64][65] may be closer to anapproximant. SeeIcelandic phonology
ItalianSicily[66]terra[ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]'earth'Apical; corresponds to/rr/ in standard Italian.[66] SeeItalian phonology
Manx[67]mooar[muːɹ̝]'big'Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of/r/, infree variation with other allophones.
Spanish[68]Aragoneseaire[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]'air'Tapped; possible realization of/ɾ/.[68] SeeSpanish phonology
Sicilian[66]terrorismo[t̪ʰiɜ̯ɹ̝uˈɾ̞ʷisɪmʊ]ⓘ'terrorism'Apical; corresponds to/rr/ in standard Italian.[66]
SwedishCentral Standard[69][70]vandrare[²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]'wanderer'Allophone of/r/ around the Stockholm area. SeeSwedish phonology
Tacana[71][example needed]Tapped.[71]
Turkish[72]rüya[ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]'dream'Tapped; word-initial allophone of/ɾ/.[72] SeeTurkish phonology

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abPuppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  2. ^Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  3. ^Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  4. ^Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ^Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
  6. ^Palková (1994), p. 228.
  7. ^"english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved2 December 2015.
  8. ^abAdams (1975), p. 288.
  9. ^Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  10. ^Szende (1999), p. 104.
  11. ^Treder, Jerzy."Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04.
  12. ^Kara (2002), p. 10.
  13. ^Kara (2003), p. 11.
  14. ^Nau (1998), p. 6.
  15. ^Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  16. ^Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  17. ^Ovidiu Drăghici."Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie"(PDF). RetrievedApril 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  18. ^Chew (2003), p. 67.
  19. ^Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. ^Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  21. ^Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
  22. ^Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  23. ^Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system".Glottometrics.16 (16):63–79.arXiv:0802.4198.Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDFram-verlag.eu)
  24. ^Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  25. ^Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  26. ^Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  27. ^Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  28. ^Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  29. ^Adams (1975), p. 283.
  30. ^Okada (1999), p. 117.
  31. ^Emeneau (1970).
  32. ^Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  33. ^Pokharel, Madhav Prasad (1989),Experimental analysis of Nepali sound system (PhD), University of Pune, India
  34. ^Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  35. ^Zvelebil, Kamil (1965).Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138.JSTOR 24650188.
  36. ^Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  37. ^Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  38. ^Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  39. ^Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  40. ^Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  41. ^abcdefgAdams (1975), p. 286.
  42. ^Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  43. ^Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  44. ^abcCanepari (1992), p. 72.
  45. ^Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  46. ^Adams (1975), p. 285.
  47. ^Adams (1975), p. 289.
  48. ^abMangold (2005), p. 50.
  49. ^abCanepari (1992), p. 68.
  50. ^Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  51. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  52. ^abCollins & Mees (2003), pp. 145, 190.
  53. ^Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  54. ^Laver (1994), p. 263.
  55. ^abMott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
  56. ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
  57. ^Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  58. ^Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
  59. ^Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
  60. ^Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  61. ^Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  62. ^abLadefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  63. ^abOgden (2009), p. 92.
  64. ^abPétursson (1971:?), cited inLadefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
  65. ^abGrønnum (2005:139)
  66. ^abcdCanepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
  67. ^Broderick (1986), p. 17.
  68. ^abMott (2007), p. 112.
  69. ^Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  70. ^Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  71. ^ab"UPSID r[F". Retrieved24 January 2016.
  72. ^abYavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.

References

[edit]

External links

[edit]
IPA topics
IPA
Special topics
Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place →LabialCoronalDorsalLaryngeal
Manner ↓Bi­labialLabio­dentalLinguo­labialDentalAlveolarPost­alveolarRetro­flexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn­geal/epi­glottalGlottal
Nasalm̥mɱ̊ɱn̼n̪̊n̪n̥nn̠̊n̠ɳ̊ɳɲ̊ɲŋ̊ŋɴ̥ɴ
Plosivepbp̪b̪t̼d̼t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔ
Sibilantaffricatet̪s̪d̪z̪tsdzt̠ʃd̠ʒtʂdʐtɕdʑ
Non-sibilant affricatepɸbβp̪fb̪vt̪θd̪ðtɹ̝̊dɹ̝t̠ɹ̠̊˔d̠ɹ̠˔cçɟʝkxɡɣqχɢʁʡʜʡʢʔh
Sibilantfricatives̪z̪szʃʒʂʐɕʑ
Non-sibilant fricativeɸβfvθ̼ð̼θðθ̠ð̠ɹ̠̊˔ɹ̠˔ɻ̊˔ɻ˔çʝxɣχʁħʕhɦ
Approximantβ̞ʋð̞ɹɹ̠ɻjɰʁ̞ʔ̞
Tap/flapⱱ̟ⱱɾ̼ɾ̥ɾɽ̊ɽɢ̆ʡ̮
Trillʙ̥ʙr̥rr̠ɽ̊r̥ɽrʀ̥ʀʜʢ
Lateral affricatetɬdɮtꞎd𝼅c𝼆ɟʎ̝k𝼄ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricativeɬ̪ɬɮꞎ𝼅𝼆ʎ̝𝼄ʟ̝
Lateral approximantl̪l̥ll̠ɭ̊ɭʎ̥ʎʟ̥ʟʟ̠
Lateral tap/flapɺ̥ɺ𝼈̊𝼈ʎ̮ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell arevoiced, to the left arevoiceless.Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

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