The founding date of Vladimir is disputed between 990 and 1108. In theNovgorod First Chronicle, Vladimir is mentioned under the year 1108, and during the Soviet period, this year was decreed to be its foundation year with the view that attributes the founding of the city, and its name, toVladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of theRostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093.[12] It is named there asVladimir.[13] The chronicles also describe how inhabitants from neighbouring towns, namelySuzdal andRostov, alluded to Vladimir as a young town.[14] Accordingly, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated in 1958, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city; this enabledNikita Khrushchev, who recently took power in the Soviet Union, to link his administration with early Russian history.
In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city was instead founded in 990 byVladimir the Great, with local historians supporting the alternative foundation date and citing various chronicle sources.[15][16] Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in theHypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited byVladimir the Great, the "father" ofRussian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The Charter of Vladimir, thebasic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation.[17][18] The city administration officially recognizes 990 as the foundation date.[19]
In 2006 a memorial was built in the Knyaz-Vladimirskoe cemetery, commemorating Japanese POWs, and representatives of other nations who were held in the prison.[20] Earlier, in 1993, a memorial plaque was attached to the wall of the Bogoroditse-Rozhdestvenskoe monastery, occupied since 1918 by the Cheka and its successors until 1991.[21]
The city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for theRostov-Suzdal Principality, Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his sonYury Dolgoruky ("Far-Reaching") (1154–1157).
Dormition Cathedral was a venerated model for cathedrals all over RussiaSt. Demetrius' Cathedral, shown on this 2017 photo, is famous for its masterfully carved exterior, representing theBiblical story ofKing David.
Drawing of Mongols of theGolden Horde outside Vladimir presumably demanding submission before sacking the city
Vladimir was besieged by theMongol-Tatars of theGolden Horde underBatu Khan. It was finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince's family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the flames. The grand prince escaped, but was killed at theBattle of the Sit River the following month.
After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered. The most important Rus' prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes a Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, but the title had become an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of themetropolitans of Kiev and All Rus', untilMetropolitan Peter moved the See toMoscow in 1325.
The Grand Princes of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir in the 14th century as the seat of the Grand Prince, theAssumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin became the site of their coronation. The Moscow cathedral was loosely copied by the Italian architectAristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original.
After the rise of Moscow, Grand Princes of Moscow continued to build several new churches in Vladimir. Notable examples include the Annunciation Church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers northwest of the city, and a church in theKnyaginin Nunnery (ca. 1505), which today includes murals dating from 1648.
Remains of the prince-saintAlexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity Abbey of Vladimir until 1703, whenPeter the Great had them transferred to theMonastery (now Lavra) of Alexander Nevsky inSt. Petersburg. The Nativity Church (built from 1191 to 1196) collapsed several years later, after workmen tried to fashion more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.
In the years 1838–1840,Alexander Herzen was exiled in Vladimir, passing through the city on the infamousVladimirka.
In December 1858 the city began to operatetelegraph. On June 14, 1861,[23] theMoscow–Nizhny Novgorod Railway [ru] began to operate through Vladimir. In 1866, construction of a running water supply was completed, with telephone lines being put up in 1887 and the first electrical power lines on December 5, 1908.
On November 29, 1898, Vladimir provincial scientific archival commission was established.
After the establishment of Soviet power, many streets were renamed in Vladimir; most of the parish churches were closed and condemned to be demolished.
In the first decades of Soviet rule industrialization occurred in Vladimir. On January 14, 1929, the Vladimir Governorate was abolished and the city became part of the newly formedIvanovo Industrial Oblast.
On August 14, 1944, Vladimir became the administrative center of a newVladimir Oblast carved fromIvanovo Oblast. In 1950 from the basis of the teachers' institute theVladimir Pedagogical Institute was created. On November 5, 1952, the first trolleybus line began to operate in the city.
Architecture of the Soviet period is present in structures such as building complexes and polytechnic colleges, theTorpedo Stadium (built 1952), a reinforced concrete arch bridge over the river Klyaz'ma (1960), the Hotel Vladimir (1956), the Drama Theatre (1971) and others. In 1971 the city was awarded theOrder of Red Banner of Labor.
Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants and two large thermal power stations. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city's economy.
Since 1861, there has been arailway connection between Vladimir and Moscow.[24] Vladimir is also linked to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod by theM7 highway. Local transport includes buses, trolleybuses, fixed-route minivans, and taxis.
At least 20 pairs of long-distance trains pass daily through Vladimir station, giving Vladimir year-round direct rail links to Moscow (Kursk Station), St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Since the summer of 2010 Vladimir (on the Nizhny Novgorod line) is a stopping point for the "Peregrine Falcon" high-speed train.
Vladimir also possesses a developed suburban rail system. It was the only city in Russia with concurrent commuter trains two Russian cities with subways.[citation needed]The city is served by theSemyazino Airport 5 km west of the city center.
Modern-day Vladimir is a part of theGolden Ring of ancient Russian cities and a popular tourist destination. Its three chief monuments,White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, inscribed byUNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:
The magnificent five-domedDormition Cathedral was designed as the burial place of grand princes and dedicated to the holy icon theTheotokos of Vladimir, which had been brought to the city by Andrey Bogolyubsky. The cathedral was constructed in 1158–1160, expanded in 1185–1189, and painted by the greatAndrei Rublev andDaniil Chyorny in 1408. In 1810, a lofty bell-tower was added inNeoclassical style.
The helmet-domedCathedral of Saint Demetrius was built in 1194–1197 as a private chapel of Vsevolod the Big Nest in the courtyard of his palace and was consecrated to his holy patron,St. Demetrius. For all its formal unity, the cathedral represents an international project of Russian and Byzantine masters,Friedrich Barbarossa's masons, and carvers sent by QueenTamar of Georgia.
TheGolden Gate, originally a tower over the city's main gate, was built in 1158–1164. The gate acquired its present form after having been reconstructed in the late 18th century, to prevent the dilapidated structure from tumbling down.
Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents the city in Volleyball Major League B – Zone Europe. Vladimir is also home to Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and Luch, which has both male and female table-tennis teams.
Администрация Владимирской области. Постановление №433 от 13 июня 2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от 5 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от 13.06.2007 №433 "О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №114, 20 июня 2007 г. (Administration of Vladimir Oblast. Resolution #433 of June 13, 2007On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #169 of March 5, 2015On Amending Resolution #433 of the Oblast Governor of June 13, 2007 "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Formations and Units of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №130-ОЗ от 10 декабря 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №22-ОЗ от 18 марта 2014 г. «О признании утратившими силу части 1 статьи 15 Закона Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения" и пункта 3 статьи 1 Закона Владимирской области "О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (13 декабря 2001 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №232, 13 декабря 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #130-OZ of December 10, 2001On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Law #22-OZ of March 18, 2014On Abrogating Part 1 of Article 15 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change" and Item 3 of Article 1 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 13, 2001).).
Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №189-ОЗ от 26 ноября 2004 г. «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области», в ред. Закона №108-ОЗ от 10 августа 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (1 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №333, 1 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #189-OZ of November 26, 2004On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Law #108-OZ of August 10, 2009On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 1, 2004).).
Владимирский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №231 от 29 июня 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования город Владимир», в ред. Решения №157 от 26 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования город Владимир». Вступил в силу 4 августа 2005 г. (за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №251–252, 4 августа 2005 г. (Vladimir City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #231 of June 29, 2005Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir, as amended by the Decision #157 of August 26, 2015On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir. Effective as of August 4, 2005 (except for certain clauses which take effect on different dates).).
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