Terek River view, Bai Gora inKosta Khetagurov Park, Musical theatre, Dzaugu Búgulov statue, Sunni mosque at night, Lutheran church, Symbol of Vladikavkaz, Train station, Corner of Prospekt Mir and Gogol, Monument to Nart Soslan on Prospekt Mira, Learning Campus
Vladikavkaz,[a] formerly known asOrdzhonikidze,[b]Dzaudzhikau,[c] andBuro,[d] is thecapital city ofNorth Ossetia–Alania,Russia. It is located in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of theCaucasus, situated on theTerek River. The city's population was 311,693 as of the2021 Census. As a result, Vladikavkaz is one of the most populous cities in theNorth Caucasus region.
The nameVladikavkaz, derived from Russian, literally means 'ruler of theCaucasus'. The Ossetian nameDzæudžyqæu literally means 'Dzaug's [ru] settlement',[13][14][15] whereqæu ('village') is a cognate of theKhotanese Saka wordāguv ('village') and theAvestan wordgava ('district').[16]
In 1911,Dmitry Rakovich [ru] wrote that the Ossetians prove that fortress was founded on the site of the Ingush villageZaur by the name of Vladikavkaz in the Ossetian language:[17]
...by their name of Vladikavkaz Dzaudzhi-Kau, the Ossetians confirm this opinion, since Dzauag is a proper name Zaur, and Kau means a village; otherwise - the village of Zaur.
In 1931, at the suggestion of the Ingush Regional Executive Committee, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed Ordzhonikidze in honor of the Soviet political and military leaderSergo Ordzhonikidze, who during theCivil War established Soviet power in the region.
In 1944, after the deportation of the Chechens and Ingush, the city of Ordzhonikidze was renamed the city of Dzaudzhikau, and in 1954 again Ordzhonikidze.[18] In 1990, the city acquired a double name:Vladikavkaz in Russian andDzaudzhikau in Ossetian.
The city was founded in 1784 as a Russian fortress at the entrance to the Darial Gorge near to the Ingush villageZaur,[19][20][21] which had the purpose of serving as an outpost for the routes of communication between Russia and Georgia.[22] But according to a lot of other sources, Vladikavkaz was founded on the site of the Ossetian village ofKapkai.[23][24][25][26]
TheGeorgian Military Highway, crossing the mountains, was constructed in 1799 to link the city withGeorgia to the south, and in 1875a railway was built to connect it toRostov-on-Don andBaku inAzerbaijan. Vladikavkaz has become an important industrial centre for the region, with smelting, refining, chemicals and manufacturing industries. During theRussian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of theVladikavkazsky Okrug of theTerek Oblast.
Vladikavkaz was fought over in both theRussian Civil War andWorld War II. In February 1919, the anti-CommunistVolunteer Army under GeneralAnton Denikin seized the city, before being expelled by theRed Army in March 1920. In early November 1942, the forces ofNazi Germany tried unsuccessfully to seize the city but were repelled by the Soviet army. The Nazis left North Ossetia in January 1943.
On 26 November 2008,Vitaly Karayev, the mayor of Vladikavkaz, was assassinated by an unidentified gunman.[27] On 31 December 2008, his successor,Kazbek Pagiyev, was also assassinated by unidentified gunmen.
Vladikavkaz is home the Wrestling Academy of Aslan Khadartsev - the biggest wrestling academy in the South of Russia.[30] It provides access to a number of facilities including a swimming pool, sauna, gym, personal dietitians, dorm rooms (which include a TV, comfortable beds, wardrobes, en-suite bathroom and showers),[31] for 45 athletes and the main training hall, consisting of six mats- this academy is capable of hosting 250 wrestlers at one time.
Mira avenue, VladikavkazVladikavkaz Railway stationM. Tuganov Art Museum
TheMukhtarov Mosque, built in 1906, dominates the city. In Vladikavkaz, there is a guyed TV mast, 198 meters (650 ft) tall, built in 1961, which has six crossbars with gangways in two levels running from the mast structure to the guys.
The city's primary religion isEastern Orthodox Christianity, which is followed by the majority of Ossetians, Russians and Georgians. The rest of the Ossetian population adheres to the next largest religion,Sunni Islam, and toUatsdin, an Ossetian folk religion, which is followed by 29% of the population nationwide. The remainder follow Protestantism, Armenian Orthodoxy and other beliefs.
Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Soviet mechanical engineer, best known for designingLunokhod 1, the first ever planetary rover for space exploration[35]
"Сегодня мы празднуемъ 50-летіе города Владикавказа. Раньше, на томъ мѣстѣ, гдѣ нынѣ расположенъ г. Владикавказъ, существовалъингушскій аулъ Зауръ, но въ 1784 г., по распоряженію князя Потемкина, на мѣстѣ, гдѣ существовалъ этотъ аулъ, для охраненія Военно-Грузинской дороги, служившей единственнымъ удобнымъ путемъ для соединенія съ Закавказьемъ, была устроена крѣпость Владикавказъ, а въ 1785 г. по указу Императрицы Екатерины II, отъ 9 мая, въ крѣпости была выстроена первая православная церковь. Какъ только была устроена эта крѣпость, часть осетинской народности спустилась съ горъ и поселилась у стѣнъ этой крѣпости, подъ защитою мѣстныхъ войскъ. Образовавшійся осетинскій аулъ сталъ называться «Капкай», что въ переводѣ на русскій языкъ означаетъ «Горные ворота»."
"...на том месте, где стояло селение Зауръ, была воздвигнута русскими сильная Владикавказская крепость... В некоторых печатных источниках говорится, что Владикавказская крепость была построена на месте осетинского селения Капъ-Кой. Это не так. Правый берег Терека принадлежал, какъ это мы видили ингушамъ и кистамъ; не могли осетины на чужой земле враждебных имъ племен иметь свой аулъ; наконец своим наименованіем Владикавказа Дзауджи-Кау, осетины подтверждаютъ это мненіе, т. к. Дзауагъ — есть имя собственное Зауръ, а Кау — значитъ селеніе; иначе — селеніе Заура."
Бекова, А. И.; Дударов, У. Б.; Илиева, Ф. М.; Мальсагова, Л. Д.; Тариева, Л. У. (2009).Ингушско-русский словарь [Ingush-Russian Dictionary] (in Ingush and Russian). Нальчик: «Республиканский полиграфкомбинат им. Революции 1905 г.». pp. 1–990.ISBN978-5-88195-965-4.
Барахоева, Н. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Хайров, Б. А. (2016).Ингушско-русский словарь терминов [Ingush-Russian dictionary of terms] (in Ingush and Russian) (2nd ed.). Нальчик: ООО «Тетраграф». pp. 1–288.
Кодзоев, Н. Д. (2021). Хайрова, Р. Р. (ed.).Русско-ингушский словарь [Russian-Ingush Dictionary] (in Ingush and Russian). Ростов-на-Дону: Типография «Лаки Пак». pp. 1–656.ISBN978-5-906785-55-8.
Uzhakhov, M. G. (1927).Ингушско-русский словарик [Ingush-Russian Dictionary] (in Ingush and Russian). Vladikavkaz: Kraynatsizdat. pp. 1–185.
Газиков, Б. Д.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Тангиев, А. У. (2002).Материалы по истории Владикавказа [Materials on the history of Vladikavkaz] (in Russian). Назрань: Кеп. pp. 1–33.
Терский областной статистический комитет (1895). Вертепов, Г. А. (ed.).Терскій календарь. Вып. 5 [Tersky Calendar] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія. pp. 1–426.
Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР (1924)."Кавказский горец" [Caucasian highlander] (in Russian) (1). Прага: Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР:3–79.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917.Archived from the original on November 4, 2021.
Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой "Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания". (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
Закон №34-РЗ от 9 июля 2007 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия-Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 12 ноября 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение к Закону Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Северная Осетия–Алания" и Закон Республики Северная Осетия–Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования Алагирский район, наделении его статусом муниципального района, образовании в его составе муниципальных образований — городского и сельских поселений"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №148(24949), 16 августа 2007 г. (Law #34-RZ of July 9, 2007On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of November 12, 2013On Amending the Appendix to the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania" and the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of Alagirsky District, Granting It the Status of a Municipal District, Establishing Municipal Formations—Urban and Rural Settlements—Within Its Structure". Effective as of the official publication date.).
Закон №10-РЗ от 5 марта 2005 г. «Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа», в ред. Закона №34-РЗ от 19 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия-Алания "Об установлении границ муниципального образования город Владикавказ, наделении его статусом городского округа"». Вступил в силу 1 марта 2005 г. Опубликован: "Северная Осетия", №43 (24344), 15 марта 2005 г. (Law #10-RZ of March 5, 2005On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status, as amended by the Law #34-RZ of July 19, 2006On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladikavkaz and On Granting It Urban Okrug Status". Effective as of March 1, 2005.).
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