Vivartavada is anAdvaita Vedanta theory of causation, postulated by post-Shankara Advaita advaitins,[1] regarding the universe as an "illusory transformation" of Brahman.[2]
TheSanskrit wordvivarta (विवर्त) means alteration, modification, change of form, altered condition or state. The term,vivartavada is derived from the wordvivarta.[web 1]
All schools of Vedānta subscribe to the theory ofSatkāryavāda,[web 2] which means that the effect is pre-existent in the cause. But there are different views on the origination of the empirical world from Brahman.Parinamavada is the idea that the world is a real transformation (parinama) of Brahman.[3]Vivartavada is the idea that
the world is merely an unreal manifestation (vivarta) of Brahman. Vivartavada states that although Brahman appears to undergo a transformation, in fact no real change takes place. The myriad of beings are unreal manifestation, as the only real being is Brahman, that ultimate reality which is unborn, unchanging, and entirely without parts.[3]
TheBrahma Sutras, the ancient Vedantins, most sub-schools of Vedānta,[3][web 2] as well as Samkhya argue forparinamavada.[web 2] The "most visible advocates of Vivartavada," states Nicholson, are the Advaitins, the followers of Shankara.[3] "Although the world can be described as conventionally real," adds Nicholson, "the Advaitins claim that all of Brahman's effects must ultimately be acknowledged as unreal before the individual self can be liberated."[web 2]
Yet, scholars disagree on whether Adi Shankara and his Advaita system explain causality throughparinamavada or throughvivartavada.[web 2][3][4] Scholars such as Hajime Nakamura and Paul Hacker state that Adi Shankara does not advocateVivartavada and that his explanations are "remote from any connotation of illusion." According to these scholars, it was the 13th century scholarPrakasatman who gave a definition toVivarta and it is Prakasatman's theory that is sometimes misunderstood as Adi Shankara's position.[4][note 1] Andrew Nicholson concurs with Hacker and other scholars, adding that thevivarta-vada isn't Shankara's theory, that Shankara's ideas appear closer toparinama-vada, and that thevivarta explanation likely emerged gradually in Advaita subschool later.[web 2][note 2]
Vijnanabhiksu portrays casual relation as having three terms: unchangeable locus cause, changeable locus cause and effect. The locus cause is inseparable from and does not inhere in the changeable cause and the effect.[7]
ThePratyabhijna philosophy of Somananda refutes theArambhvada (the 'Realistic view' of theNyaya-Vaisesika), theParinamavada (the theory of Transformation of theSankhya-Yoga) and theVivartavada (the theory of Manifestation of theAdvaita), by postulating the theory ofSvatantryavada (the 'Universal voluntarism') which states that it is due to the sovereignty of God’s Will that Effect evolves from Cause.[8]
WhereasRamanuja acceptsPrakrti as the material cause butMadhava rejects this contention since material cause does not mean that which controls and superintends; Madhava also rejects theVivartavada because it does not accept any effect that has got to be accounted for.[9] In his philosophy of pure non-dualism (Shuddhadvaita),Vallabhacharya also does not support 'vivartavada' and propounds that Maya (or the 'Jagat') is real and is only a power of Brahman who himself manifests, of his own will, as Jiva and the world[10] and there is no transformation of Brahman in doing so, just as a gold ornament still remains gold only. Shuddhadvaita is also therefore known as ‘Avikṛta Pariṇāmavāda’ (Unmodified transformation).[11]