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Vis-à-vis has two meanings incarriage driving: a general seating arrangement with passengers sitting face-to-face, and a specific narrowcarriage for just two passengers.
Vis-à-vis is one of the five seating arrangements ofcarriages.[a]Vis-à-vis is French for "face to face", and these carriages are four-wheeled and hold four passengers. There are two crosswise seats in the body, with two people seated in the rear facing forward, and two seated in the front facing rearward, so that passengers sit face-to-face with each other. Such a seating arrangement is the most common seen in tourist carriages, regardless of actual carriage type, because they carry many passengers in a social setting, with easy entry, a good view, and independent seating for thecoachman up front. In thewagonette seating arrangement, passengers also sit face-to-face, but the seating is longitudinal instead of crosswise (passengers travel sideways), and it isnot called a vis-à-vis.[1][2][3]
Several carriage types have vis-à-vis seating arrangements, such as theBarouche,Karozzin,Landau, andSociable. Allcoaches have vis-à-vis seating arrangements; examples include theBerlin andClarence.[1]: 382
The original vis-à-vis carriage carried only two passengers. It is a longitudinal "halving" of a carriage body, narrowing the carriage to where there is only one passenger seated facing forward and another passenger facing rearward. It was driven by a coachman.[1][2][3]
There were vis-à-vis automobiles in the early history of motoring. These were driven from the forward-facing rear seat, with front passengers sitting ahead of the steering controls and facing the driver. Passengers in the front seat would obstruct the vision of the driver in the rear seat, and the style fell out of favour before 1905.[4][5][6]
