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Avirtual reality game orVR game is avideo game played onvirtual reality (VR) hardware. Most VR games are based on playerimmersion, typically through ahead-mounted display unit or headset withstereoscopic displays and one or morecontrollers.
Thevideo game industry made early attempts at VR in the 1990s, most notably withSega'sVR-1 andVirtuality forarcades, along with unsuccessful attempts forhome consoles with theSega VR prototype andNintendo'sVirtual Boy. With the introduction of the first consumer-ready home VR product, theOculus Rift, in 2013, home VR games soon followed, including existing games adapted for the VR hardware, and new games designed directly for VR. While VR hardware and games grew modestly for the remainder of the 2010s,Half-Life: Alyx, a full VR game developed byValve and released in 2020, was considered thekiller application for VR games.
Research into virtual reality (VR) hardware and software started as early as 1968 by Ivan Sutherland and his student Bob Sproull, but most equipment was too expensive for consumer use, and its use for games was limited. The first VR head mounted display was connected to a computer. In the late 1980s,Jaron Lanier and Thomas G. Zimmerman, former programmers forAtari, Inc., began developing hardware under the nameVPL Research, with Lanier coining the term "virtual reality" for their products.[1] One of VPL's products was the VPL DataGlove; a glove that sensed the user's finger movement and translated it into computer input. The idea inspired engineers atAbrams/Gentile Entertainment (AGE) to work withMattel andNintendo to build a low-cost version of the DataGlove to work with theNintendo Entertainment System (NES), omitting much of the technical sophistication and movement sensitivity of the DataGlove as to achieve a reasonable consumer cost.[2] ThePower Glove was released in 1989.[3] The gamesSuper Glove Ball andBad Street Brawler were specifically designed to use the Power Glove, while other NES games could be played using the Power Glove by mapping its output to various controls. About one million Power Glove units were sold before Mattel discontinued it in 1990. Its low cost compared to the DataGlove and other similar gloves led academics to buy the unit for their own research.[2]
Interest in VR grew in the 1990s, particularly after the 1992 filmLawnmower Man, which helped popularize the idea of VR headsets with the general public.[1]Sega developed a low-cost VR device, theSega VR, in the early 1990s, for its arcade games and home consoles; the unit did not advance beyond the prototype stage, though Sega incorporated some of its head-tracking technology into its arcade cabinets.[4] Most notable was theVR-1 virtual reality 3D arcade attraction released by Sega in 1994.[5]
Reflection Technology, Inc. (RTI) had been developing a head-mounted, stereoscopichead-tracking system usinglight-emitting diode (LED) displays, the Private Eye. One application they had tested included a tank game. Seeking funding for larger production, RTI licensed the technology to Nintendo, and underGunpei Yokoi, Nintendo developed theVirtual Boy, released in 1995.[6] The Virtual Boy used red LED displays rather than full-color ones, as they were the most inexpensive to produce, and required mounting to a stand to be played, rather than head-mounted. The system was thus awkward to use both from looking into the viewer and the eyestrain from the red LEDs. Only 22 games were produced for the Virtual Boy, and it was considered to be one of Nintendo's commercial failures.[6]
VR systems without head-mounted hardware were also developed in the 1990s, including theCave automatic virtual environment (CAVE). CAVE systems included multiple flat screen displays, typically at least three walls to surround the human player, and incorporated some type of tracking sensor system to match the images on the walls to what direction the player was looking. Early applications of CAVE system were game-based demonstrations, but the cost remained prohibitive for commercial deployment even through the 2010s.[7][8]
Around this same time in the 1990s, major innovations in real-time3D graphics had been made across computer, console, andarcade video games, and with further improvements in affordable consumer technologies, arcade games began to decline as they could not compete with these innovations. Arcade game manufacturers instead focused on offering games that could not easily be replicated at home, which included the introduction of VR-based arcade games. For example, the Virtuality Group produced itsVirtuality line of arcade games starting in the early 1990s that typically included a VR headset with head-tracking and other features. However, the cost and upkeep of these machines made it difficult to continue support for them.[9]
There remained strong interest from academics to explore what VR, along withaugmented reality and othermixed reality systems, could bring to video games, through the 2000s, but these games were mostly prepared for research proof-of-concepts to demonstrate the interaction of VR hardware, software, and human motion rather than for commercial release, since hardware costs were still high.[10]
The popularity of digital gaming across multiple forms like mobile, console, or PC gaming, led technology giants to further invest in the development of VR technology. In a thriving gaming market, the advancement in VR technology has been a point of great interest in the age of modern gaming. One catalyst to this modern VR boom was the obsession and great success ofPokémon Go in 2016, which incorporated basic VR concepts, stirring the world with technological breakthroughs in gaming such as VR effects, combining real life scenes with the virtual world, as well as the concept of enjoying gaming alongside interaction in the real world.[11]
After decades of attempts from its introduction, low-cost, consumer-grade VR hardware began to appear in the 2010s.[8] TheOculus Rift is considered the first consumer-ready VR headset and was first released in 2016. The unit was developed byPalmer Luckey, and first announced in 2013 as an inexpensive VR option for video games.[12] During testing, Luckey had gained the help ofid Software'sJohn Carmack to develop a VR version ofDoom 3 for Oculus. While this helped to successfully demonstrate the Oculus, which led toFacebook acquiring Oculus in 2014 for$2 billion,[13] it also led to alawsuit betweenZeniMax Media, id's parent company, against Oculus overintellectual property theft over Carmack's participation. The case was settled out of court.[14] Nine games were available at launch and Oculus had established a number of partnerships to provide more games following its release.[15][16]
The Oculus Rift announcement led to other VR developments.Sony Computer Entertainment developed thePlayStation VR system for thePlayStation 4, whileValve partnered with HTC to develop theHTC Vive; both of these units were released in 2016.[17][18] Valve later developed their own headset without HTC, theValve Index, which was released in 2019.[19]
As a result, more affordable headsets designed to accommodate mobile devices were also released, using the devices to create the stereoscopic display, some of the positioning functions, and other VR tracking embedded in the additional hardware. On June 25, 2014,Google officially introducedGoogle Cardboard, an inexpensive headset package that constructed from cardboard for use with Android phones; the completed headset creates the necessary visual space to support stereoscopic view from the phone's display.[20]Samsung, in conjunction with Oculus, released theSamsung Gear VR in 2015 to support itsSamsung Galaxy smartphones; services for the Gear VR ended in 2020.[21] Nintendo released theNintendo Labo VR Kit in 2019 as part of itsLabo series oftoys-to-life cardboard products.[22] A handful ofNintendo Switch games support Labo VR functionality, such as the 2017 gamesSuper Mario Odyssey andThe Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.[23]
Despite the availability of low-cost hardware for VR, the technology had still not taken off for video games by 2018 as had been expected when the Oculus Rift was announced. This was attributed to the lack of akiller application, a game that would drive people to buy the hardware to play it. There had been several games from smaller studios that had been considered successful, such asSuperhot VR andBeat Saber, but thetriple-A studios had not ventured into the area. Sales of VR hardware had been steadily increasing since 2016, but were still under 10 million units by 2018, and there were signs manufacturers were starting to back off in this area.[24][25][26][27]
Many journalists stated that the first "killer app" VR game wasHalf-Life: Alyx, developed byValve and released in March 2020.[28][29][30][31]Alyx includes a number of novel control schemes to avoid themotion sickness problems of previous VR games, such as the 2019 indie titleBoneworks.[32][33] Within a week ofAlyx's announcement, Valve sold out of their stock of Index units and began taking pre-orders with expectations to fulfill before the game's release.[34][35] Other VR hardware, including the Oculus, saw increased sales leading to the release ofAlyx.[36]
In 2024,Apple Inc. releasedApple Vision Pro.[37] This device features hardware such as dual panels that offer 24 million pixels, surpassing devices such as the Oculus Rift.[37] The integration of the R1 chip, working in tandem with the M2 chip,[37] results in a polling rate of 12 milliseconds, getting rid of the dizzying latency issues that were prevalent in previous devices.
Nearly all VR games, as generally defined, require the use of a VR headset that provides stereoscopic displays that simulate three dimensional reality and create immersion for the player. Most headsets include some means ofpositional tracking to provide head-tracking (that is, to tell which direction a player's head is looking), either through sensors built into the unit or from external sensors or cameras that are placed at the corners of the play area. Some headsets further provideeye tracking.[8] To provide immersive audio, eithersurround sound speaker systems are used, or headsets may be outfitted with speakers or headphones for the player that provide3D audio effects.[8]
Some type of player input is also required. This is most commonly provided through the use of one or moregame controllers. A controller can be as simple as a keyboard-and-mouse (KBM) or a standard game controller, or may be specialized hardware that includes positional tracking. Most often for specialized VR hardware, the player will have two controllers, one for each hand. These controllers may also providehaptic feedback to the user.[8]
Nearly all VR games are played from afirst-person perspective to take advantage of the level of immersion created by the headset. Player input, which includes the motion of their head, hands, and body and any controller buttons or triggers they depress, are translated into actions within the game. Most commonly, the player's view of the game's environment will track with how they move their hand, and they will be shown virtual hands to guide them how to interact with the environment, with VR translating the player's motions one-to-one with the virtual appendages.[8] While games can be controlled through traditional controls such as KBM or a standard console controller, these interfaces break the level of immersion, and instead, more specialized controllers are used, typically designed to fit naturally into a player's hand.[8]
VR offers several novel control schemes - how the player manipulates their in-game character through the game world and the direction they are looking - compared to the traditionalfree look or mouselook offered by the traditional KBM or standard controller. Movement and aim may be coupled between the headset and the controllers or may be decoupled, typically with the headset controlling the direction of movement and controller the aim, which generally leads to more immersive experiences.[38]
Some VR systems such as the HTC Vive and Oculus offerroom scale tracking, which not only incorporate the motions of the player but where they are physically located within a given area and the physical positioning of their body. This allows the player to move around the area as part of the VR experience. Games usually make this an optional experience since not all VR systems support it, and not all players have space to be able to move about. Example of games that support room scale tracking includeJob Simulator andRec Room.[39][40] When room scale is not available, alternate movement schemes have been developed when character movement is required. A player may be moved automatically by the game as necessary, a player may need to look at a target location and indicate through a control scheme their desire to move their character to that spot, or the player may use more traditional controls such as an analog stick or keyboard presses to move their character.
Virtual reality games are designed to enhanceimmersion—the perception that one is actually in the virtual world—and presence—the psychological effect that they are actually interacting with the virtual world outside of their physical bodies—concepts which cannot readily be done with traditional "flat screen" games played on a computer monitor or television.[41]
A limiting factor for VR games until the 2010s was the overall systemlatency between a player's actions and the feedback they saw on the headset. For VR to be felt as an immersive experience, the latency needs to be as small as possible so that the player sees feedback in real-time soon following their actions. Technology bottlenecks had been from two major components of VR systems. One area was the rendering speed of computer hardware to update the 3D displays at a fast-enoughframe rate. Frame rates of 20Hz or less appear to most users as a series of separate images rather than continuous video stream, which breaks immersion.[42] In the late 1990s, this computational power could only reasonably be delivered by high-performance workstations such as those fromSun Microsystems andSilicon Graphics.[42] Since then, improvements ingraphics processor technology andgame engines with optimized rendering systems give consumer-grade hardware the capacity to perform high-speed real-time 3D rendering at 60 Hz or greater at resolutions appropriate for VR applications.[8]
The second bottleneck is the processing time to convert tracking sensor information into feedback that is incorporated into the game. Earlier VR systems took some time for complete acquisition of all tracking sensor information into usable feedback to the user, but this was at a longer timescale compared to the traditional inputs and the display feedback cycle.[42] Improvements have been made since in sensor technology and the software libraries to register movements, and VR games can also include other methods such as limited prediction of a player's movements, to bring sense feedback to the same timescale as rendering. Both issues combine to the overall factor of synchronization between the feedback loops. If the game takes too long to respond to a player's action, even if more than about 25 milliseconds, it further breaks the sense of immersion.[42] While many of the latency problems are resolved with the VR hardware of the 2010s, VR games still must be programmed with these concerns in mind.[42]
In its current meaning, "virtual reality" generally has been taken to creating immersion and presence with the player by creating a new visual stimulus (through a VR headset for example) that obscures to real world view.[43] This definition distinguishes VR fromaugmented reality where additional visual information is added atop the real world view.[8] A broader definition of virtual reality can be taken to be any application that replaces one or more of the human senses with a virtual one.[8] Thus, games featuring any alternative control scheme compared to a typical game controller or keyboard-and-mouse system could be considered as a virtual reality game, where the sense of touch of these traditional controls is replaced with a novel scheme. Such games would include those with alternate peripherals such asDance Dance Revolution andGuitar Hero, or games featuringmotion controls such as manyWii-based games.[9] However, with the expansion of VR hardware in the 2010s, the use of "virtual reality" to include these types of games has been deprecated.[8]
Medical researchers have studied the use of virtual reality games in healthcare. For example, meta-analyses have demonstrated that virtual reality games could be used for stress management[44] or to improve cognitive and physical functions among elderly post-stroke patients.[45]
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