| |
 | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Richmond, Virginia |
| Reporting mark | VC |
| Locale | Virginia |
| Dates of operation | 1836 (1836)–1878 (1878) |
| Successor | Chesapeake and Ohio Railway |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)[1] |
| Length | 206 miles (332 km)[2] |
TheVirginia Central Railroad (reporting markVC) was an early railroad in theU.S. state ofVirginia that operated between 1850 and 1868 fromRichmond westward for 206 miles (332 km) toCovington. Chartered in 1836 as theLouisa Railroad by theVirginia General Assembly, the railroad began near theRichmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad's line and expanded westward toOrange County, reachingGordonsville by 1840. In 1849, theBlue Ridge Railroad was chartered to construct a line over theBlue Ridge Mountains for the Louisa Railroad which reached the base of the Blue Ridge in 1852. After a decision from theU.S. Supreme Court, the Louisa Railroad was allowed to expand eastward from a point nearDoswell to Richmond. Most of the railroad was constructed by Irish immigrant labor, or enslaved African Americans who were typically leased out by their enslavers to individuals contracted to build portions of the railroad.[3]
Renamed as the Virginia Central Railroad in 1850, the railroad bypassed the under construction Blue Ridge Railroad via a temporary track built overRockfish Gap. This connected the railroad's eastern division with its expanding line across the Blue Ridge in theShenandoah Valley. Having reachedClifton Forge by 1857, the railroad began operating the completed Blue Ridge Railroad in 1858 and continued preparing for further expansion until the beginning of theAmerican Civil War in 1861. As a prime target for Federal raids byUnion Cavalry, the railroad faced significant action against it during the war. Although the war left the railroad with only a fraction of its line left operable, the railroad was running over its entire pre-war length by July 1865.
After the war, both longtime president Edmund Fontaine and former Confederate GeneralWilliams Carter Wickham served as president of the Virginia Central and oversaw its expansion towards Covington. TheChesapeake and Ohio Railroad was formed in 1868 from the merger of the Virginia Central Railroad and theCovington and Ohio Railroad, and had expanded westward to theOhio River by 1873 after new financing fromCollis P. Huntington was recruited. The new railroad (reorganized as theChesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878) expanded eastward in the 1880s via thePeninsula Subdivision toNewport News. The Chesapeake and Ohio operated for over one hundred years until it was reorganized through merger asCSX Transportation in the 1980s. Today, CSX,Amtrak, and theBuckingham Branch Railroad still use portions of the old Virginia Central line for freight and passenger rail service.
TheVirginia General Assembly passed on February 18, 1836, an act to incorporate the Louisa Railroad company to construct a rail line extending from theRichmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad (RF&P) westward. The railroad, as specified by the original charter, was to connect with the RF&P near Taylorsville, at what would becomeHanover Junction, and extend westward, passing the Louisa courthouse, toOrange County at the base of theSouthwest Mountains. The Virginia Board of Public Works owned two-fifths of the total $300,000 ($11,338,800 today) stock sold to finance the railroad's initial construction.[4]
Construction of the Louisa Railroad began in October 1836, reaching the Louisa courthouse by 1839, and by 1840 had reachedGordonsville.[5] The railroad had been planned by its original charter to build across theBlue Ridge Mountains toHarrisonburg, but in 1839, the Commonwealth requested a survey to be conducted to determine a feasible route toStaunton by way ofCharlottesville. Ultimately, this route, which passed over the mountains atRockfish Gap, was chosen as a better alternative than the original plan to cross atSwift Run Gap to the north. In 1847, the charter was modified by the Assembly to provide for the railroad's construction to the eastern base of the Blue Ridge,[6] and in 1849, theBlue Ridge Railroad was chartered to cross the mountains at Rockfish Gap toWaynesboro.[7]Claudius Crozet was appointed Chief Engineer of the Blue Ridge Railroad, and under his leadership and direction, the railroad began construction over the Blue Ridge using a series of four tunnels.[8] Meanwhile, the Louisa Railroad had reached theRivanna River near Charlottesville by 1850 and by 1852 had reachedMechums River, near the eastern end of the Blue Ridge Railroad.[5]
Operation of the Louisa Railroad was initially handled by the RF&P, beginning with the first operation of a train over Louisa Railroad tracks on December 20, 1837.[9] This condition continued until June 1847, when the Louisa Railroad took over operations.[10]
The eastern terminus of the Louisa Railroad was originally at Hanover Junction (now known as Doswell) with the RF&P Railroad. The charter of that line protected it from construction of a parallel competitor, but an act by the Virginia General Assembly in 1848 authorized the extension of the Louisa Railroad easterly throughHanover andHenrico Counties to reachRichmond. This act was protested by the RF&P for violating the earlier decree of the Assembly against a parallel competitor. The RF&P's claim was originally overturned by aVirginia State Court, which ruled that the Assembly retained the right to authorize construction of other railroads between Richmond and Fredericksburg, and that the original charter of the RF&P only applied to the transportation of passengers. The decision of the court was appealed and eventually reached theU.S. Supreme Court inRichmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad Company v. Louisa Railroad Company, which ruled in favor of the Louisa Railroad, upholding the state court's decision.[11]
The first president of the Louisa Railroad was Frederick Overton Harris, a native of Louisa County, who served until 1841. After Harris' term, Charles Y. Kimbrough, also from Louisa, served until 1845, when Edmund Fontaine was elected to office upon Kimbrough's death. Edmund Fontaine would continue to serve as president of the Louisa Railroad and its successor until after theAmerican Civil War.[12]
While the Blue Ridge Mountain section was being breached, the Louisa Railroad was busy building westward from the western foot of the mountains, across theShenandoah Valley to Staunton. In January 1850, the Commonwealth authorized the Louisa Railroad to increase its stock in order to build from Staunton toCovington.[13] On February 2, 1850, the Louisa Railroad, having expanded greatly since its beginnings inLouisa and Hanover counties, was renamed as the Virginia Central Railroad.[14]
| Name (East to West) | Feet | Meters |
|---|---|---|
| Blue Ridge Mountains[note 1] | ||
| Greenwood | 536 | 163 |
| Brooksville | 864 | 263 |
| Little Rock | 100 | 30 |
| Blue Ridge | 4,263 | 1,299 |
| Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians [note 2][note 3] | ||
| Millborough | 1,335 | 407 |
| Mason's | 323 | 98 |
| Coleman's | 355 | 108 |
In order to connect the eastern and western divisions of the railroad at this time divided by the unfinished Blue Ridge Railroad, a temporary track over Rockfish Gap was proposed by the railroad's chief engineer,Charles Ellet, Jr., and by 1854 had been constructed and was in use. Built over and around the under construction Blue Ridge Tunnel, this 4.38-mile-long (7.05 km) track, called the Mountain Track, included steep grades (maximum 5.6% with a ruling grade of 5.3%) and sharp curves (minimum radius of 300 feet (91 m)), thereby limiting speeds to around 5–7 miles per hour (8.0–11.3 km/h).[19] Three smalltank locomotives were ordered for the temporary track, one of which was supplied by theTredegar Iron Works of Richmond, theJoseph R. Anderson, and two fromBaldwin Locomotive Works ofPhiladelphia, theBaldwin andC.R. Mason.[20] A second temporary track1⁄2-mile-long (0.80 km) around the Brooksville Tunnel and a third3⁄4-mile-long (1.2 km) around Robertson's hollow were also constructed.[10] The temporary tracks successfully joined the railroad and by eliminating the extra cost and effort of removing freight and passengers from trains for transport over the mountains, facilitated further growth and expansion westward.[21]
Construction continued from Staunton through a water gap nearGoshen atGreat North Mountain by 1855, and had reachedMillboro by 1856. This western section of the line included an additional three tunnels, and a temporary track approximately 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long was used at Millboro while the tunnel was being completed. By 1857, the railroad had reached a point known asJackson's River Station, at the foot of theAlleghany Mountains. This location would later be known asClifton Forge and become a division point for theChesapeake and Ohio Railway.[22][23]
The temporary track over Rockfish Gap was used until the Blue Ridge Tunnel's opening in April 1858, and the last train to use the temporary track did so on the evening of April 12. That night, the connection with the completed Blue Ridge Railroad was made, and on the morning of the 13th, the mail train was the first train routed through the tunnel. With the tunnel in use, the temporary track was promptly torn up.[24] At the time of the Blue Ridge Tunnel's completion, it was the longest tunnel in theUnited States and the first tunnel in the country to be completed without the use ofvertical shafts.[25] Although the Virginia Central did not own the Blue Ridge Railroad, it was granted the right to operate it from the Commonwealth of Virginia in return for an annual fee.[26]
In 1859, the Virginia Central's line carried 134,883 passengers throughout the year, and hauled 64,177 tons of freight.[27] The road connected Richmond to a point about 10 miles (16 km) east of Covington, where the proposedCovington and Ohio Railroad would have started, a distance of approximately 195 miles (314 km).[28] In February 1853, the Commonwealth of Virginia had chartered the Covington and Ohio Railroad to extend the line completed by the Virginia Central westward across the Alleghany Mountains to theOhio River. This company began work in 1855 and completed important grading work on the Alleghany grade, including the construction of numerous tunnels, and, to a lesser extent, in the areas aroundCharleston and theKanawha River. However, as the American Civil War began in 1861, westward expansion came to a halt and the Covington and Ohio's line remained incomplete.[8]
| Type | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 | 1864 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passenger | 19 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
| Mail and Baggage | 12 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Conductor Cars | 3 | 8 | 8 | 6 |
| Box and Stock Cars | 150 | 101 | 110 | 89 |
| Platform and Gondola Cars | 30 | 27 | 36 | 36 |
| Hay Cars | 8 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| Gravel and Sand Cars | 22 | 22 | 22 | 22 |
| Total | 244 | 186 | 204 | 179 |
The Virginia Central was one of the most important railroads for theConfederacy during the war, as it linked the fertile Shenandoah farmland of Virginia to Richmond and points eastward, enabling supplies and troops to easily be transported to nearby campaigns. The Blue Ridge tunnels and the Virginia Central were key tools in the fast mobilization of Confederate GeneralStonewall Jackson's famous "foot cavalry".[31] Soon after the beginning of the war, the Virginia Central contracted with theConfederate States Postal Service, as it had done with theU.S. Postal Service before the war, to carry mail over its line. This service, along with passenger and general goods transport, became less reliable as the transport of military goods and troops took precedence.[32]
As the war progressed, the railroad continually fell into a state of disrepair due to its constant use and the limited availability of supplies for upkeep.[33] Union raids also destroyed many sections of the line, including the majority of the railroad's depots, with notable exceptions for those at Gordonsville and Charlottesville, two key points of trade.[34] The defeat ofJubal Early's forces atWaynesboro led to the destruction of much of the bridges and line between Staunton andKeswick, and as Union armies converged on Richmond, further damage was done to the eastern section of the railroad.[35] By the end of the war, the railroad operated less than 20 miles (32 km) of track[36] and held only $40 ($821.65 today) in gold.[8]
During thePeninsula Campaign of 1862, theSouth Anna River bridge was destroyed byUnion cavalry and the Virginia Central's line between Hanover andAtlee was torn up. Although this and numerous other raids caused significant damage, the damage was soon repaired and the line was generally kept in good use. May 1863 saw another raid against the line, during which the Louisa Court House was attacked and the Hanover depot burned.[37] DuringUlysses S. Grant'sOverland Campaign of 1864,Phillip Sheridan was ordered, along with nearly 8,000 men, to proceed westward to join forces withDavid Hunter in Charlottesville, destroying as much of the Virginia Central as possible along the way. From Charlottesville, the combined force would advance towards Richmond from the west.Robert E. Lee responded by sending cavalry under the command ofWade Hampton andFitzhugh Lee, who would meet Sheridan on June 11 atTrevilian Station on the Virginia Central's line. Confederate forces succeeded in pushing Sheridan back, who at 10:00 pm of the 12th withdrew towards theArmy of the Potomac.[38] Little damage was done to the tracks during the raid, and the damage was soon repaired and the line returned to operation.[37]
Reconstruction of the Virginia Central began soon after the Confederacy's collapse, and under the permission of GeneralEdward Ord, repairs commenced on April 21, 1865. Construction of temporary bridges and repairs were made swiftly, enabling trains to run to the Rivanna River by May. Temporary overland stage and wagon routes were set up to bypass inoperable sections of the railroad as repairs were made and provided for the transportation of goods and passengers. By the end of July, trains were able to run to the western terminus of Jackson's River Station. The Virginia Central's rolling stock had suffered throughout the Civil War, and the operable equipment had dwindled to an amount insufficient to provide for demand. To help solve this issue, four locomotives and forty cars were rented from the government at a price of $20 and $2 ($410.83 and $41.08 today) each per day respectively.[39] TheBeaverdam Depot was rebuilt in 1866.[40]
In November 1865, an election for a new president of the company was held, and former Confederate GeneralWilliams Carter Wickham was elected over longtime president Edmund Fontaine by 364 votes. In recognition of Fontaine's dedication and service to the railroad, the stockholders resolved to grant Fontaine and his family free tickets for life.[39] Fontaine was unanimously reelected as president of the company in 1866 and 1867.[41][42]
Since before the Civil War, the section of the line between Jackson's River Station and Covington, a distance of about 10 miles (16 km), had remained incomplete. This section was necessary for further westward expansion, and by July 31, 1867, the last of the track was laid and placed in operation.[43] Reaching Covington enabled connection with the Covington and Ohio railroad, which at that time was still under construction, and provided for the future merging of the two companies as specified by an act of the Virginia General Assembly passed on March 1, 1867.[44]
On August 31, 1868, the Virginia Central was merged with the Covington and Ohio to form the new Chesapeake and Ohio (C&O) Railroad (reorganized as the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway in 1878), and Wickham was elected as president.[8][45] Wickham realized the need to find adequate financing to resume the westward work through the challenging mountainous terrain, as theVirginia Board of Public Works was no longer in a position to help as it had in the past. After failing in the impoverished southern states and with British investors, Wickham found new capital and financing by recruitingCollis P. Huntington, one of the so-called "Big Four", a group of businessmen who had recently completed the western portion of thetranscontinental railroad.[46] Under Huntington's leadership, and with millions in new financing fromNew York City, westward construction resumed in 1868.[47]
Having long paid tolls for the use of the state-owned Blue Ridge Railroad, the C&O arranged to purchase the line from the Commonwealth of Virginia and assumed full ownership on April 1, 1870.[48] In all, the Virginia Central and the C&O paid around $900,000 ($22,379,210.53 today) to the Commonwealth, including both the purchase price and previous fees for use, which was significantly less than the Commonwealth's expenditure of $1,694,870.85 ($42,144,301.74 today) in building the line.[23]
Construction of the old Covington and Ohio line began fromHuntington, West Virginia on the western end and Covington on the eastern end, and progressed towards the middle. By July 1869, construction of the line westward had reachedWhite Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, and with the use of three temporary tracks around two unfinished tunnels and an embankment, the entire line of 227 miles (365 km) from Richmond to White Sulphur Springs could be traveled.[49] In August 1871, a locomotive named theGreenbrier was floated down the Ohio River to aid in the construction of the line from the western side.[50] The final spike ceremony for the 428-mile (689 km) long line from Richmond to the Ohio River was held on January 29, 1873, atHawk's Nest railroad bridge in theNew River Valley, near the town ofAnsted inFayette County, West Virginia.[51] The last spike was driven by C.R. Mason, who had also driven the first spike of the Louisa Railroad and had held various positions over the course of the Virginia Central's and C&O's history.[51][52]
Huntington was also aware of the potential to ship eastboundcoal from West Virginia's untapped natural resources with the completion of the new railroad. His agents began acquiring property inWarwick County in eastern Virginia. In the 1880s, he oversaw the extension of the C&O's newPeninsula Subdivision, which extended from theChurch Hill Tunnel in Richmond southeast down the peninsula throughWilliamsburg toNewport News, where the company developedcoal piers on the harbors ofHampton Roads and Newport News.[8]
TheRichmond and Alleghany Railroad, which ran from Clifton Forge to Richmond following theJames River and the oldJames River and Kanawha Canal, was merged into the Chesapeake and Ohio in 1889.[8] On this line, trains descended nearly 1,000 feet (300 m) in elevation to Richmond following the path of the river.[53] The addition of the "James River Line" allowed the C&O to avoid the heavier grades of the old Virginia Central's line to the north and became the principal artery of eastbound coal transportation down to the present day, with the earlier Virginia Central line used for westbound empty hoppers. From the convergence of the lines in Richmond, both eastbound and westbound coal trains utilized the Peninsula Subdivision through Williamsburg to service the coal piers in theEast End of Newport News.[8]
After the Chesapeake and Ohio was consolidated with several other large railroads in the 1980s to formCSX Transportation, the line built by the Virginia Central from Staunton to Clifton Forge was considered for abandonment. CSX, however, decided to keep the line in order to route empty coal trains westward, which, although intended for times of excess traffic, has become common practice.[54] In addition to CSX, portions of the old Virginia Central line are in use byAmtrak'sCardinal from Gordonsville to Clifton Forge,[55] and theBuckingham Branch Railroad, a Virginia-basedshort-line railroad that leases the line from CSX.[56][57]The line will also be used for the Amtrak Commonwealth Corridor connecting Newport News to Richmond, Charlottesville, Roanoke, and Lynchburg starting mid-late 2020s.
Many years after the original Virginia Central became part of the Chesapeake and Ohio in 1868, another railroad betweenFredericksburg andOrange used the name "Virginia Central." ThePotomac, Fredericksburg & Piedmont Railroad Company (PF&P) operated 38 miles (61 km) of 3-foot (910 mm) gauge railroad between Fredericksburg (with a connection to theRF&P Railroad) and Orange (with a connection to theOrange & Alexandria Railroad). It operated asnarrow gauge until 1926, when the line was standard gauged and the name changed to the Virginia Central Railway. In 1937, the entire line was abandoned except for a 1 mile (1.6 km) segment in Fredericksburg which lasted until 1984.[58]
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