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In theUnited States, the meaning ofvillage varies by geographic area and legal jurisdiction. In formal usage, a "village" is a type ofadministrative division at thelocal government level. Since theTenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government from legislating on local government, thestates are free to have political subdivisions called "villages" or not to and to define the word in many ways. Typically, a village is a type ofmunicipality, although it can also be aspecial district or anunincorporated area. It may or may not be recognized for governmental purposes.
In informal usage, a U.S. village may be simply a relatively small clustered human settlement without formal legal existence. In colonialNew England, a village typically formed around themeetinghouses that were located in the center of eachtown.[1] Many of these colonial settlements still exist astown centers. With the advent of theIndustrial Revolution,industrial villages also sprang up aroundwater-powered mills,mines, andfactories.[1] Because most New England villages were contained within the boundaries of legally established towns, many such villages were never separately incorporated as municipalities.
A relatively smallunincorporated community, similar to ahamlet in New York state, or even a relatively small community within an incorporated city or town, may be termed a village. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as incorporated municipalities and is similar to the usage of the term "unincorporated town" in states having town governments.
States that formally recognize villages vary widely in the definition of the term.[2] Most commonly, a village is either aspecial district or a municipality. As a municipality, a village may
Under Article 10, Section 2 of theAlaska Constitution, as well as law enacted pursuant to the constitution, Alaska legally recognizes only cities andboroughs as municipal entities in Alaska.[3] In Alaska, "village" is a colloquial term used to refer to small communities, which are mostly located inthe rural areas of the state, often unconnected to the contiguous North American road system. Many of these communities are populated predominantly byAlaska Natives and are federally recognized as villages under theIndian Reorganization Act and/or theAlaska Native Claims Settlement Act. As voting membership in the Alaska Municipal League is on an equal footing, regardless of population, most villages are incorporated as second-class cities. In common usage, however, these communities are thought of more often as villages than as cities.
Village districts are subordinate agencies of municipal governments rather than municipalities in their own right.[2]
Municipalities inDelaware are called cities, towns, or villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.[2]
Municipalities inFlorida are called cities, towns, or villages.[2] They are not differentiated for census purposes.
All municipalities inIdaho are called cities, although the terms "town" and "village" are sometimes used in statutes.[2]
A village is a type ofincorporated municipality inIllinois; the other two types are thecity and theincorporated town.[2] All incorporated municipalities, regardless of type, are independent of each other, and cannot overlap. Villages can be created by referendum under the general state law or by special state charter. The governing body is a board of six elected trustees and an elected village president, all of whom are usually electedat-large.
A village inLouisiana is a municipality having a population of 1,000 or fewer.[2]
InMaine, village corporations or village improvement corporations arespecial districts established intowns for limited purposes.[2]
InMaryland, a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or aspecial tax district. An example of the latter is theVillage of Friendship Heights.[2] The distinction is legally relevant to the level ofpolice power that a village may exercise.[4]
InMichigan, villages differ from cities in that, whereas villages remain part of thetownships in which they are formed, thereby reducing their home-rule powers, cities are not part of townships. Because of this, village governments are required to share some of the responsibilities to their residents with the township.[2]
Villages that existed inMinnesota as of January 1, 1974, becamecities, which may operate undergeneral municipal law ("statutory city") or adopt a charter for itself to become a charter city.[2][5][failed verification]
A village inMississippi is a municipality of 100 to 299 inhabitants. They may no longer be created.[2]
The municipalities ofMissouri are cities, towns, and villages. Unlike cities, villages have no minimum population requirement.[2]
InNebraska, a village is a municipality of 100 through 800 inhabitants, whereas a city must have at least 800 inhabitants. In counties having townships, all villages, but only some cities, are within township areas. A city of the second class (800–5,000 inhabitants) may elect to revert to village status.[2]
InNew Hampshire, a village district or precinct may be organized within a town. Such a village district or precinct is a special district with limited powers.[2]
A village in the context ofNew Jersey local government, refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government. Villages in New Jersey are of equal standing to other municipalities, such as cities, towns, boroughs, and townships.
The municipalities inNew Mexico are cities, towns, and villages. There are no differences among them that would affect their classification for census purposes.[2]
InNew York, a village is an incorporated area that differs from acity in that a village is within the jurisdiction of one or moretowns, whereas a city is independent of a town. Villages thus have less autonomy than cities.[2]
A village is usually, but not always, within a single town. A village may be coterminous with, and have aconsolidated government with, a town. A village is a clearly defined municipality that provides the services closest to the residents, such as garbage collection, street and highway maintenance, street lighting and building codes. Some villages provide their own police and other optional services. Those municipal services not provided by the village are provided by the town or towns containing the village. As of the 2000 census, there are 553 villages in New York.
There is no limit to the population of a village in New York;Hempstead, the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km2) in area. Present law requires a minimum of 500 residents to incorporate as a village.
The municipalities inNorth Carolina are cities, towns, and villages. There are no significant differences in legal power or status.[2]
InOhio, a village is an incorporated municipality with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, excluding residents of educational or correctional facilities.[2][6] The minimum population for incorporation as a village is 1,600 inhabitants, but this was not always the case, resulting in many very small villages.[7] If an existing village's population surpasses 5,000 at a federal census, or if a village comes to have more than 5,000 resident registered voters, it is automatically designated as a city.[6] Cities or villages may be located within township areas; however, if a city or village becomes coterminous with a township, the township ceases to exist as a separate government (seepaper township).[8]
InOklahoma,unincorporated communities are called villages and are not counted as governments.
InOregon, the municipal governments are cities, towns, and villages, although there is no significance in their legal powers or status.[2] Also, one county —Clackamas County — permits the organization ofunincorporated areas into villages and hamlets. The boards of such entities are advisory to the county.[9]
InTexas, villages may be Type B or Type C municipalities, but not Type A municipalities. The types differ in terms of population and in terms of the forms of government that they may adopt.[2]
InVirginia, a village is defined as a tract of land with more than 300 people where livestock are not allowed to roam free. Villages are erected by local circuit courts.[10]
InVermont, villages are named communities located within the boundaries of a legally establishedtown, unlike cities, which are outside of any town area.[2] Villages may be incorporated or unincorporated.
InWest Virginia, towns and villages are Class IV municipalities, i.e., having 2,000 or fewer inhabitants.[2]
InWisconsin, cities and villages are both outside the area of anytown. Cities and villages differ in terms of the population and population density required for incorporation.[2]