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Villa Borghese is a landscape garden in Rome, containing a number of buildings, museums (seeGalleria Borghese) and attractions. It is the third-largest public park in Rome (80 hectares or 197.7 acres), after the ones of theVilla Doria Pamphili andVilla Ada. The gardens were developed for theVilla Borghese Pinciana ("Borghese villa on thePincian Hill"), built by the architectFlaminio Ponzio, developing sketches byScipione Borghese, who used it as avilla suburbana, or party villa, at the edge of Rome, and to house his art collection. The gardens as they are now were remade in the late 19th century.
In 1605 CardinalScipione Borghese, nephew ofPope Paul V and patron ofBernini, began turning this former vineyard into the most extensive gardens built in Rome since Antiquity. The vineyard's site is identified with thegardens of Lucullus, the most famous in the late Roman republic. Domenico Savino da Montepulciano was responsible for the layout of the gardens.[1]
Stone benches, Borghese Balustrade
The Borghese Balustrade was crafted by G di Gincome and P. Massoni in 1618 for the south forecourt of theCasino Nobile. At the center opening there were two stone statues on top and fountains with shell-shaped basins below. The statues were a later addition from 1715 by Claude-Augustin Cayot. In 1882, PresidentChester A. Arthur appointedWilliam Waldorf Astor Minister to Italy, a post he held until 1885. While living in Rome, Astor developed a lifelong passion for art and sculpture. In 1896, he purchased the balustrade and had it installed at his English estateCliveden. It is a Grade II Listed Building.[2] In 2004, a colony of small Mediterranean land snails of the speciesPapillifera bidens was discovered living on the Borghese Balustrade. Presumably, this species, new to the English fauna, was accidentally imported along with the balustrade in the late 19th century and managed to survive the intervening winters to the present day.[3]
Marcantonio's sons, Camillo and Francesco Borghese expanded the park further. The Villa Borghese gardens were long informally open, but was bought by the commune of Rome and given to the public in 1903.[1] Since 1904 monuments depicting famous foreign personalities and writers such asVictor Hugo, have been placed along the avenues of the villa. The statue ofGoethe was a gift to the city of Rome fromWilhelm II, German Emperor.[5]
The large landscape park in the English taste contains several villas. TheSpanish Steps lead up to this park, and there is another entrance at the Porte del Popolo byPiazza del Popolo. ThePincio (thePincian Hill of ancient Rome), in the south part of the park, offers one of the greatest views over Rome.
Camillo Borghese threw grandiose shows and popular festivals, such as a ride in an air balloon from the Piazza di Siena.[5] The first horse show was held at the Piazza di Siena in 1922. The Piazza di Siena hosted theequestriandressage, individualjumping, and the jumping part of theeventing competition for the1960 Summer Olympics.
TheVilla Giulia adjoining the Villa Borghese gardens was built in 1551 – 1555 as a summer residence forPope Julius III; now it contains the Etruscan Museum (Museo Etrusco).
TheVilla Medici houses theFrench Academy in Rome, and theFortezzuola a Gothic garden structure that houses a collection memorializing the academic modern sculptorPietro Canonica. In the 1650s,Diego Velázquez painted several depictions of this Villa's garden casino festively illuminated at night. Before electricity, such torchlit illuminations carried an excitement hard to conceive today.
Other villas scattered through the Villa Borghese gardens are remains of aworld exposition in Rome in 1911.
TheGalleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna located in its grounds has a collection of 19th- and 20th-century paintings emphasizing Italian artists.
Architecturally the most notable of the 1911 exposition pavilions is the English pavilion designed by SirEdwin Lutyens (who later designed New Delhi), now housing theBritish School at Rome.
The accesses to the garden are in via Madama Letizia and in viale Pietro Canonica. This is an English garden, transformed by Piano deilicini byMarcantonio IV Borghese at the end of the 18th century into a fashionable garden. Together with the Aspruccis as directors of the works, people likeJacob More alternated between gardeners and artists. Characteristic is the lake in which theTemple of Aesculapius is reflected.[6]
The first historical sources attesting to the works on the Piano dei Licini date back to 1784, works which ended in 1790 with Mario Asprucci as director. In addition to the aforementioned temple of Aesculapius, the temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the temple of Diana were inserted, all inneoclassical style, works immersed in anEnglish garden style garden, although the presence of straight paths and the use of classical furnishings were quite far from the fashionable gardens of the time in France and England. Very little remains of these furnishings: in addition to the three temples, the sarcophagus ofPhaethon, a column, some ollas and a statue. But contemporary citations suggest the area was dotted with statues. The most recent statuary group is the bronze one with satyrs playing with their little one, from 1929.[7]
Piazzale Scipione Borghese Garden orRear Garden of Casino Nobile
Originally there was the Narcissus fountain surrounded by ancient statues, furnishings and fourherms perhaps byPietro Bernini andGian Lorenzo Bernini. The garden, as we see it today, is a twentieth-century development with the replacement of the previous fountain with that ofVenus surrounded by a classical garden.[8]
Giardini Segreti (Secret Gardens)
They are located in Viale dell'Uccelliera,[9] on the border between the first and second enclosures.[10]
Originally they were located on both sides of the Casino Nobile.[9] The first was calledmelangoli, while the second was called flowers. They date back to the period of Cardinal Scipione.[9][10] There are two others dating back to around 1680 located between the Uccelliera and Meridiana pavilions. They were used for plantations of rare and exotic flowers, mainlybulb.[9][10] One of these gardens had rows of citrus trees near the long surrounding walls and flowers in the central avenues. In the ledgers of 1610 there are payment orders for bulbous plants.[10] The fourth garden, or propagation garden, is used as a nursery for plants to be used for the other three secret gardens.[9]
These gardens are derived from the 'hortus conclusus of the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the Baroque era. In these periods the secret gardens are always surrounded by walls.[10]
After the oldest gardens, marble fountains were placed with the function of pilo.[10]
In the 19th century the secret gardens were devastated by French bombings.[10]
At the beginning of the 20th century with the opening to the public, a new rearrangement rearranged the plants by removing all the plants considered inappropriate at the time and the rearrangement was simpler and more linear and divided into four flowerbeds located around the central fountains. Towards the beginning of theFirst World War, a new intervention was already planned for the first three secret gardens with the arrangement of two gazebos for guests, but already after the war these gazebos no longer existed, as did the Narcissus fountain, leaving the square bare and empty. New flowerbeds were then inserted which were destroyed during theSecond World War, however, after various transformations over the centuries, little remains of the original layout of the secret gardens.[10]
You can get guided tours of the Giardini Segreti.[9]
Giardini di Valle Giulia
They are located in Piazzale Ferdowsi. They were created for the Italian National Exhibition: Turin, Rome, Florence of 1911 to decorate the staircase created byCesare Bazzani as a connection from Valle Giulia to Villa itself. The gardensbalustrade consist of twonymphaeumsneoclassical.[11]
Parco dei Daini
It is located in via P. Raimondi. The garden was a reserve of the prince and was surrounded by some herms by Pietro and Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Attached to the border wall there was the "Perspective of the Theatre", from 1615, with relief decorations. The name derives from the fact that in the park, until the end of the Nineteenth century, there werefallow deer andgazelles.[12]
On the edge of the Parco dei Daini, on the corner between via Pinciana and via Pietro Raimondi, is located the "Villa Umberto Barracks", headquarters of the mounted squad of thePolizia di Stato.
Valle dei Platani
Valle dei Platani in Villa Borghese on a December morning
It is located in Largo P. Picasso. It has remained more or less unchanged since the 17th century and is also known by the name of "Valle dei cani" ("Valley of the dogs"), because it is used as a play area for dogs. It consists, among other things, ofplatani planted by Cardinal Scipione.[13]
The garden contains a replica of the Shakespeare'sGlobe Theatre built in 2003.
Beside the 1911 Exposition's villas, there is the Exposition's Zoo, recently redesigned, with minimal caging, as theBioparco, and theZoological Museum (Museo di Zoologia). Nearby is theCasina di Raffaello playroom, which has crafts and reading rooms, and a space where children can dress up in royal outfits.[14]
Finally, among thexylophagous insects, it is worth mentioning the great capricorn beetle (Cerambyx cerdo) visible in late spring towards sunset on the tree trunks.[21]
^"Archived copy". Archived fromthe original on December 16, 2013. RetrievedMarch 20, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Accessed 20 March 2013: "È infatti del 1867 l'invenzione dell'idrocronometro, dovuta al padre domenicano Giovanni Battista Embriaco, che attese ai suoi studi di meccanica applicata all'orologeria nella solitudine del convento della Minerva."
^abTable data from:Rosaria Alducci; Lucia Amodio,La flora arborea, Villa Borghese 1, pp. 27–29
^The Siberian elm was planted innorthern Italy because it seems to resistellm graphosis (Source:Rosaria Alducci,La flora arborea, Villa Borghese 1, pp. 27–29)
^abTable data from:Pietro Lippolis,The bushy flora, Villa Borghese 1, pp. 30–31
^abcdefghijTable data from:Pietro Lippolis,La fauna, Villa Borghese 1, pp. 31–32
^Pietro Lippolis,The fauna, Villa Borghese 1, pp. 31–32.
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Flaminio andSpagna metro stations
Flaminio railway station
See Borghese Gardens travel guide from Wikivoyage
Media related toVilla Borghese at Wikimedia Commons
