 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Vilbrun Guillaume Sam" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Vilbrun Guillaume Sam | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 24th President of Haiti | |
| In office 25 February 1915 – 28 July 1915 | |
| Preceded by | Joseph Davilmar Théodore |
| Succeeded by | Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave |
| Minister of War and Navy | |
| In office 13 December 1897 – 12 March 1902 | |
| President | Tirésias Simon Sam |
| Preceded by | Septimus Marius |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Nord Alexis |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jean Simon Guillaume (1859-03-04)4 March 1859 Ouanaminthe, Haiti |
| Died | 28 July 1915(1915-07-28) (aged 56) Port-au-Prince, Haiti |
| Political party | National Party[citation needed] |
| Spouse | Lucie Parisien |
| Profession | Military officer |
Jean Vilbrun Guillaume Sam (French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃vilbʁœ̃ɡijomsam]; 4 March 1859 – 28 July 1915) wasPresident ofHaiti from 4 March 1915 until his assassination months later. He was the son ofTirésias Simon Sam, Haiti's president from 1896 to 1902.
Sam was the commander of Haiti's Northern Division when he led the revolt which brought PresidentCincinnatus Leconte to power. He later headed the revolt which toppled PresidentOreste Zamor. On 25 February 1915 Sam was proclaimed president when his predecessor,Joseph Davilmar Théodore, was forced to resign, because he was unable to pay the militiamen, known as the "Cacos", who had helped him overthrow Zamor.[citation needed]
As Haiti's fifth president in five turbulent years, Sam was forced to contend with a revolt against his own regime, led by Dr.Rosalvo Bobo, who opposed the government's expanded commercial and strategic ties with theUnited States. Fearing that he would share the same fate as his predecessors, Sam acted harshly against his political opponents, particularly the better-educated and wealthiermulatto population. On 27 July 1915, his repression culminated in his ordering the execution of 167 political prisoners—includingformer president Zamor, who was being held in aPort-au-Prince jail. This infuriated the Haitian people, who rose up against Sam's government as soon as news of these executions reached them.
Sam fled to the French embassy, where he received asylum. The rebels' mulatto leaders broke into the embassy and found Sam. They dragged him out and beat him to death.
For the next two weeks, the country was in chaos. News of the murder soon reached theAmerican Navy ships anchored in the city's harbor. PresidentWoodrow Wilson, who was wary about the turn of events in Haiti, and especially the possibility that Bobo would take power,ordered American troops to seize the capital. They landed on 28 July 1915, and continued to occupy the country for nineteen years, until August 1934.
Sam's chief of police,Charles Oscar Étienne, who cleaned out the jails by executing his political opponents, inspired the boogeymen Haitian carnival disguises known as "Chaloska".[citation needed]
Eugene O'Neill stated that Sam was the inspiration for his 1920 playThe Emperor Jones.[1][2]
Sam is the main figure inArthur J. Burks's short story "Thus Spake the Prophetess" (Weird Tales, November 1924).
Sam appears as a supporting character in the 1993Doctor Who novelWhite Darkness which is set during his presidency.[3] The novel takes several liberties with history, having Sam committing suicide rather than being murdered by the rebels as was actually the case.
| Post–Revolutionary (1804–1859) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Post–Imperial (1859–1930) |
| |
| Post–Occupation (1930–1986) | ||
| Post–Duvalier (1986–2011) | ||
| Post–earthquake (2011–2021) | ||
| Post–Moïse (2021–present) |
| |
| ||