 A View-Master Model G, introduced in 1962 | |
| Type | Stereoscope |
|---|---|
| Inventor(s) | William Gruber |
| Company | Mattel |
| Country | United States |
| Availability | 1939–present |
View-Master is the trademark name of a line of special-formatstereoscopes and corresponding View-Master "reels", which are thin cardboard disks containing sevenStereoscopic 3-D pairs of small transparent color photographs on film.[1] It was originally manufactured and sold bySawyer's.
The View-Master system was introduced in 1939, four years after the advent ofKodachrome color film made the use of small, high-quality photographic color images practical. Tourist attraction and travel views predominated in View-Master's early lists of reels, most of which were meant to be of interest to users of all ages. Most current View-Master reels are intended for children.[citation needed]
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Edwin Eugene Mayer worked as a pharmacist atOwl Drug store in downtownPortland, Oregon, after serving in theU.S. Army inWorld War I. He built up a photo-finishing business there, and bought intoSawyer's Photo Finishing Service in 1919 with the help of his father August Mayer, his fiancée Eva McAnulty, and her sister Vi McAnulty.
Edwin described how he started the business in a letter dated April 1, 1954: "Suffice to say that in 1919, what little it was, was purchased with borrowed ($3,500) money from Dad, aided by about $1,600 in insurance money Eva got when her father died and which was left in permanently, and $1,600 borrowed from Vi and repaid, along with Dad's notes, within a few years."[2]
As the business grew, Ed Mayer incorporated in about 1926, taking on partners Harold and Beulth F. Graves, Thomas and Pauline Meyer, and Augusta and Raymond F. Kelly, renaming the business Sawyer Service, Inc. The company relocated to a large two-story building at 181 Ella St., near Morrison Street in Portland, Oregon.[3]
The company was producing photographic postcards and album sets as souvenirs by 1926, when Harold Graves joined Sawyer's. Graves handled marketing for the products while Mayer ran the business. Later, photographic greeting cards were added to the Sawyer's product line, marketed to major department stores. Sawyer's was the nation's largest producer of scenic postcards in the 1920s and the future View-Master viewer eventually became an extension of the two-dimensional cards.
The company took the first steps towards developing the View-Master after Edwin Mayer and Graves met with William Gruber, an organ maker of German origin trained byWelte & Sons and an avid photographer living in Portland.[4] Mayer and Gruber had both developed devices for viewing stereo images, but Gruber had made up a stereo imaging rig out of two Kodak Bantam Specials mounted together on a tripod. He designed a machine that mounted the tiny pieces of Kodachrome color transparency film into reels made from heavy paper stock. A special viewer was also designed and produced. He had the idea of updating the old-fashioned stereoscope by using the new Kodachrome 16-mm color film, which had recently become available.
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A View-Master reel holds 14 film transparencies in seven pairs that create the seven stereoscopic images. The components of each pair are viewed simultaneously, one by each eye, thus simulating binocular depth perception.
According to a 1960 court document, the Gruber-Sawyer partner venture began from that first meeting in 1938. Thereafter, Ed Mayer negotiated with Gruber while production methods and some marketing were developed. A formal agreement was signed in February 1942 between Gruber and Sawyer partners, doing business as Sawyer's.
Mayer and people within the Sawyer's organization were uncertain about what to call the new product, but they eventually settled on the name of View-Master. The View-Master brand name eventually came to be recognized by 65% of the world's population, but Gruber disliked the name, believing that it sounded too much like Toast-Master, Mix-Master or some other kitchen appliance.[5]
The View-Master was introduced at the1939 New York World's Fair, marked "Patent Applied For". It was intended as an alternative to the scenicpostcard, and was originally sold at photography shops, stationery stores and scenic-attraction gift shops. The main subjects of View-Master reels wereCarlsbad Caverns and theGrand Canyon.[1]
The View-Master was marketed through Mayer's photo-finishing, postcard and greeting card company Sawyer's Service, Inc., known eventually as Sawyer's, Inc. The partnership led to the retail sales of View-Master viewers and reels. The patent for the viewing device was issued in 1940, and this original model came to be called the Model A viewer. Within a very short time, the View-Master supplanted the postcard business at Sawyer's.
Mayer gave details of the company's expansion in a letter dated April 1, 1954:
In 1939, 20 years after starting the business, we had, by dint of hard work and long hours and frugal living, accumulated a business (Sawyer's) worth about $58,000.00 and Western Photo Supply Co. owning the buildings, worth about $30,000.00. The above figures were for the total business and buildings owned by the Kellys, Graves, Mayers and Meyers. In 1946, we had already grown a lot from 1939, and Sawyer's made a lease with Western Photo Supply Co., they to build and lease two new buildings to Sawyer's, in addition to the two we already had. At this point, Sawyer's also decided to change its structure from a partnership to a corporation, for various good reasons, one of which was to permit our children to participate in the stock ownership.[3]
In the 1940s, the United States military recognized the potential for View-Master products for personnel training, purchasing 100,000 viewers and nearly six million reels from 1942 to the end ofWorld War II in 1945.[1]
After the development of the View-Master, Sawyer's, Inc. moved into a new building at 735 S.W. 20th Place in downtown Portland. The company also occupied a building next door at 740 S.W. 21st Avenue. In 1951, Mayer and his Sawyer's partners built a large plant in Washington County, Oregon. After moving to the new plant, Mayer leased the building on 20th Place to Oregon Television, Inc.[citation needed]
In 1951, Sawyer's purchasedTru-Vue, the main competitor of View-Master. The takeover included Tru-Vue's licensing rights toWalt Disney Studios properties.[6] Sawyer's capitalized on the opportunity and produced numerous reels featuring Disney characters. In 1955, reels of the newly openedDisneyland were produced.[1]
Joe Liptak was the artist responsible for most of the Disney and the early Hanna-Barbera reels.[7][8]
In 1952, Sawyer's began its View-Master Personal line, which included theView-Master Personal Stereo Camera for users to make their own View-Master reels. It was successful at first, but the line was discontinued in ten years. This line spawned the Model D viewer, View-Master's highest-quality viewer, which was available until the early 1970s, and the Stereomatic 500, View-Master's only 3D projector.[1] The other projectors were 2D and used only one of the images.
The Model E was introduced in 1955 with a more modern design, large ivory buttons on the picture-changer levers and a large "V" slot on top for easier reel insertion. It was released in brown and black in the United States, and some other colors elsewhere.[9] It was about four inches high, five inches wide and four inches deep.
The Model F was introduced in 1958. It usedC-cell batteries to power an internal lighting source. Industrial designerChuck Harrison led the team designing the Model F View-Master.[10]
The View-Master had been originally constructed from KodakTenite plastic and thenBakelite, a hard, sturdy, somewhat heavy plastic. In 1962, lighterthermoplasticversions were introduced, beginning with the Model G, a change driven by Sawyer's president Bob Brost.[1]
In 1966,Sawyer's was acquired by theGeneral Aniline & Film (GAF) Corporation and became a wholly owned subsidiary. Under GAF's ownership, View-Master reels began to feature fewer scenic and more child-friendly subjects, such as toys and cartoons. Television series were featured on View-Master reels, such asDoctor Who (sold only in the U.K.),Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In,Star Trek,The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,Family Affair,Here's Lucy andThe Beverly Hillbillies. ActorHenry Fonda appeared in a series of TV commercials for the GAF View-Master.[1]
From 1970 to around 1997, GAF produced the Talking View-Master, which included audio technology along with the reels. Three major designs were produced, with increasing sophistication.[11] In the early 1970s, GAF introduced the View-Master Rear Screen Projector, a tabletop projector that displayed images from picture wheels.[12]
In 1980, View-Master released the Show Beam Projector, a toy that combined the company's stereoscopic images and flashlight technology to produce a portable handheld projector. The Show Beam used small film cartridges that were plugged into the side of the toy. Each cartridge contained 30 full-color 2D images.[13]
In 1981, GAF sold View-Master to a group of investors headed by Arnold Thaler, and the company was reconstituted as the View-Master International Group.[14]
In 1985, View-Master Video was introduced. Through a partnership withWarner Bros. Records, a live-action educational video series was produced by Together Again Productions and titledKidsongs, designed for the educational market.[15]
View-Master International acquired the Ideal Toy Company in 1984 and became known as the View-Master Ideal Group, and the combined company was purchased byTyco Toys in 1989.[16] Tyco, including the View-Master Ideal Group, merged withMattel in 1997. View-Master was assigned to Mattel's preschool division and is now marketed under theFisher-Price imprint, with a continued emphasis on children's content.
In 1998, during the purchase of the Tyco-owned plant byMattel, theEPA investigated theView-Master factory supply well for the toxic chemicaltrichloroethylene (TCE). The plant was closed in 2001.[17]
In December 2008, Mattel ceased production of the scenic reels depicting tourist attractions that were descendants of the first View-Master reels sold in 1939. However, Mattel continued to produce reels featuring animated characters.[18]
In February 2015, Mattel announced a collaboration withGoogle to produce a new version of the View-Master called the View-Master Virtual Reality Viewer, based onvirtual reality usingsmartphones. The new View-Master is an implementation of theGoogle Cardboard VR platform and is accompanied by amobile app built using itsSDK. Content is displayed on a smartphone screen; the phone itself is inserted into the back of the unit. Instead of being inserted directly into the View-Master, reels are scanned using anaugmented reality interface that enables access to content from the reel, such as 360-degree panoramas, 3D models and minigames.[19][20]
Greenbot considered the View-Master to be the best low-cost Cardboard viewer, citing its build quality and comfort over models actually constructed from cardboard, but noting that the latch mechanism for securing the phone inside was not tight enough, and that there was no headphone-jack access. It was felt that the View-Master VR was "the kind of thing you might grab as a gift for the kids, but if you're curious about VR on your phone, chances are you'll use it as much as they do."[21]
In 2016, an updated iteration known as the DLX was released; it features improvements to its compatibility with smaller phones, a more secure latch for the phone compartment, and also adds focal adjustment and a headphone port.[22]
Both editions of the View-Master VR were discontinued in November 2019, and the Experience packs can no longer be installed by new users.[23]
In 2019, Mattel partnered withMGM to announce an upcomingfeature film based on the View-Master. The project will be co-piloted byRobbie Brenner of Mattel's Films division and MGM's Cassidy Lange.[24]
There have been some 25 viewer models, thousands of titles, and 1.5 billion reels produced. The basic design remained intact for reels and internal mechanisms, despite its long history and many changes in models and materials, ensuring that every reel will work in every model.[1]
In 1999, View-Master was part of the second year of inductees added to theNational Toy Hall of Fame.[25]
Reels have been produced forDisneyland, many TV shows (such asThe Flying Nun,Lost in Space, andThe Munsters), blockbuster movies (such asThe Poseidon Adventure,E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, andJurassic Park), and the U.S. military (for airplane and ship identification as well as range estimation).
David L. Bassett, an expert on anatomy and dissection, collaborated with Gruber to create a 25-volume atlas of human anatomy using the View-Master system.[26]
View-Master produced custom reels for commercial customers to show 3-D images of products and services to potential clients. For example, in the early 1990s, Canadian restaurant chainEast Side Mario's used a View-Master reel as their dessert menu.[27]
Among the newest View-Master products are aDiscovery Channel View-Master, the new Virtual Viewer, theDiscovery Channel View-Master Projector and Telescope, and the View-Master 3-D Pocket Viewer, which feature images of popular performers in concert and backstage.
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