| Air Defence - Air Force Service | |
|---|---|
| Quân chủng Phòng không - Không quân | |
 Insignia of the Air Defence - Air Force[1] | |
| Founded | 24 January 1955; 71 years ago (1955-01-24) Current formation: from 1999 (merger of Air Force Service and Air Defence Service) |
| Country |  Socialist Republic of Vietnam(since 1976) North Vietnam(1955-1976) |
| Allegiance |  Communist Party of Vietnam[2] |
| Type | Air force Space force |
| Role | |
| Size |
|
| Part of |  People's Army of Vietnam |
| Headquarters | Hanoi |
| Nicknames |
|
| Colours | Azure,Dark Green |
| March | Hành Khúc Không Quân Việt Nam(Air Force marches) |
| Anniversaries |
|
| Engagements | |
| Decorations | |
| Battle honours | |
| Website | phongkhongkhongquan |
| Commanders | |
| Commander-in-Chief | PresidentLương Cường |
| Commander | Major General Vũ Hồng Sơn[3] |
| Political Commissar | Lieutenant General Trần Ngọc Quyến |
| Insignia | |
| Roundel |  |
| Flag |  |
| Aircraft flown | |
| Bomber | Su-22 |
| Fighter | Su-27,Su-30MK2 |
| Multirole helicopter | Mi-8,Mi-17/-171 |
| Trainer | Yak-52,L-39C,L-39 Skyfox,Yak-130,Su-22M3K,Su-27UBK |
| Transport | NC212i,C-295M,Antonov An-2 |
TheVietnam Air Defence - Air Force (Vietnam ADAF[4] orVN ADAF;[5]Bộ đội Phòng không - Không quân Việt Nam), officially theAir Defence - Air Force Service (ADAF Service;Quân chủng Phòng không - Không quân(Quân chủng PK-KQ / QC PK-KQ / PKKQ)), also commonly known as theVietnam People's Air Force (VPAF;Không quân nhân dân Việt Nam(KQNDVN)) or theVietnam Air Force (Không quân Việt Nam(KQVN)), is theair andanti-air warfare service branch ofVietnam. It is the modern incarnation of the so-calledNorth Vietnamese Air Force (NVAF) and absorbed theSouth Vietnamese Air Force (RVNAF/VNAF) following thereunification of Vietnam in 1975. It is one of three main branches of thePeople's Army of Vietnam, which is under theexecutive administration of theMinistry of National Defence. The main mission of the ADAF is the defence of Vietnamese aerospace and the provision of air and space cover for operations of the People's Army of Vietnam.
The modern ADAF consists of two principle components: theAir Defence (AD;Phòng không, mainly operating air-defence radars, anti-air artillery and missile systems) and theAir Force (AF;Không quân, mainly operating aerial vehicles andmilitary aircraft forcombat andtransport) that are currently organized as separatedivisions under the ADAF Headquarters. From 1977 to 1999, the components were split into two different service branches, before remerging as the existing unified ADAF Service in 1999, placing both components under a unified leadership to facilitate joint operations.[6] The common nameVietnam People's Air Force (VPAF;Không quân nhân dân Việt Nam) was largely the name for the Air Force component only, especially during the days that the two AD and AF services were structured two separate service branches. VPAF later became a relatively-common "external" name for the unified service which implicitly includes the AD branch; however, this usage rarely appears in official context, especially when the AD component never refer itself as the "Air Force", while the VPAF designation is currently used in a limited manner among AF units. Hence, interchangeably calling the Vietnamese ADAF as "the VPAF" can be considered a misconception about the nature and formation of the service branch.
The first aircraft in service for the Vietnamese Armed Forces were two trainers, ade Havilland Tiger Moth and aMorane-Saulnier, which were initially the private property of the emperorBảo Đại.[7] In 1945, Bảo Đại gave the aircraft to the Vietnamese government. Until 1950, even though the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) had acquired credible offensive capabilities on the ground, it was almost powerless against reconnaissance or attacking operations from theFrench Expeditionary Air Force. On 9 March 1949, GeneralVõ Nguyên Giáp was authorised to establishthe Air Force Research Committee (Ban Nghiên cứu Không quân) under the General Staff to study ways to deal with the air war. The first Vietnamese service aircraft flight was made by the Tiger Moth on 15 August 1949.[7] A small-scale training was carried out in the following years.
Further development of aviation inNorth Vietnam began in 1956, when a number of trainees were sent to the USSR and China for pilot training. They were organised into two groups, pilots and mechanics, respectively; and among others, utilised the CzechoslovakZlín Z-226 andAero Ae-45. The first unit of the VPAF was the No. 919 Transport Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân Vận tải 919), organised on 1 May 1959, withAn-2,Li-2,Il-14 aircraft, followed by the No. 910 Training Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân 910) withYak-18 trainers.[7] In 1963 the Air Force and Air Defence Force were merged into the Air and Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không – Không quân).
The first North Vietnamese combat plane was aT-28 Trojan trainer, whose pilot defected from theRoyal Lao Air Force; it was utilised from early 1964 by the VPAF as anight fighter. The T-28 was the first North Vietnamese aircraft to shoot down a US aircraft, aFairchild C-123 Provider transport, on 15 February 1964.[7]
The VPAF received its first jetfighter aircraft, theMiG-17 in February 1964, but they were initially stationed at air bases on mainland China, while their pilots were being trained. On 3 February 1964, the first fighter regiment No. 921 (Trung đoàn Không quân Tiêm kích 921), aka "Red Star squadron", was formed, and on 6 August it arrived in North Vietnam with its MiG-17s.[7] On 7 September, the No. 923 fighter regiment, aka "Yen The Squadron", led by Lt. Col. Nguyen Phuc Trach, was formed. In May 1965, No. 16 bomber company (Đại đội Không quân Ném bom 16) was formed withIlyushin Il-28 twin engine bombers. Only one Il-28 sortie was flown in 1972 against Royal Laotian forces.
The VPAF's first jet air-to-air engagement with U.S. aircraft was on 3 April 1965. The VPAF claimed shooting down twoUnited States Navy (USN)Vought F-8 Crusaders, which was not confirmed by U.S. sources, although they acknowledged having encountered MiGs.[7] Consequently, 3 April became "North Vietnamese Air Force Day". On 4 April the VPAF scored the first confirmed victories to be acknowledged by both sides. The U.S. fighter community was shocked when relatively slow, MiG-17 fighters shot down advancedRepublic F-105 Thunderchief fighter-bombers attacking theThanh Hóa Bridge. The F-105s were carrying their normal heavy bomb load, and were not able to react to their attackers.[7]
In 1965, the VPAF were supplied with supersonicMiG-21s by the USSR which were used for high-speedGround-controlled interception (GCI) controlled hit and run intercepts against American air strike groups.
In 1965, the VPAF had only 36 MiG-17s and a similar number of qualified pilots, which increased to 180 MiGs and 72 pilots by 1968. The Americans had at least 200 USAFMcDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantoms and 140 USAF F-105s, plus at least 100 USN aircraft (F-8s,Douglas A-4 Skyhawks and F-4s) which operated from the aircraft carriers in theGulf of Tonkin, plus scores of other support aircraft. The Americans had a multiple numerical advantage.[8]
The VPAF was a defensive air arm, with the primary mission of defending North Vietnam, and until the last stages of the war, did not conduct air operations into South Vietnam; nor did it conduct general offensive actions against enemy naval forces off the coast.
The VPAF did not engage all U.S. sorties. Most U.S. aircraft were destroyed bySA-2 surface-to-air missiles oranti-aircraft artillery (AAA), and in some cases, even small arms. Typically, VPAF MiGs would not engage unless it was to their advantage.
VPAF flew their interceptors with guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in ambush stations. The MiGs made fast and devastating attacks against U.S. formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the bombers to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation, but disengaged rapidly. This "guerrilla warfare in the air" proved very successful. In December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105s without any losses.[9]
The MiG-21 tactics became so effective that ultimately an operation was mounted to especially deal with the MiG-21 threat. Led by ColonelRobin Olds on 2 January 1967,Operation Bolo lured MiG-21s into the air, thinking they were intercepting an F-105 strike group, but instead found a sky full of missile-armed F-4 Phantom IIs set for aerial combat. The result was a loss of almost half the inventory of MiG-21 interceptors, for no U.S. losses. The VPAF swiftly stood down for additional training immediately following this setback.
The U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy continued to lay down great expectations on the F-4 Phantom, assuming that the massive arms, the perfect on-board radar, the highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with the new tactics would provide F-4s an advantage over the MiGs. But in encounters with lighter VPAF's MiG-21, F-4 began to suffer defeat. From May to December 1966, the US lost 47 aircraft in air battles, destroying only 12 enemy fighters. From April 1965 to November 1968, in 268 air battles conducted over North Vietnam, VPAF claimed to have shot down 244 US orRepublic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) aircraft and they lost 85 MiGs.[10]
The disappointing performances of USAF and USN crews, even though flying the contemporary advanced aircraft of those times, combined with a legacy of successes from World War II and theKorean War, resulted in a total revamping of aerial combat training for the USN in 1968 (Top Gun school; established 1969). The designs for an entire generation of aircraft, with engineering optimised for daylight air-to-air combat (dog fighting) against both older, as well as for emerging MiG fighters, were put on the drawing board. U.S. forces could not consistently track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictiverules of engagement (ROE) which required pilots to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable when used in combat.
On 24 March 1967, regiments Nos. 921, 923 and 919 were incorporated into the 371st Air Division "Thăng Long" (Sư đoàn Không quân 371). In 1969, No. 925 fighter regiment was formed, flying theShenyang J-6 (the Chinese-builtMiG-19). In 1972 the fourth fighter regiment, No. 927 "Lam Son", was formed.[7]
On 12 January 1968, in one of the few offensive air attacks by the VPAF during the entire conflict, theBattle of Lima Site 85, a four aircraft formation of An-2 biplanes was reported flying towards a secret USAFTACAN and radar site inLaos guiding American bombers over North Vietnam. Two aircraft flew on to the strike, while the other two split off.[11] As the two continuing An-2s flew over, their crews dropped 120 mm mortar shells as bombs through the aircraft's floor and also strafed their targets with 57 mm rockets from the wing pods.[12] However, as the two aircraft flew back and forth attacking the facility, one aircraft was heavily damaged by ground fire from the facility and crashed. Meanwhile, crew at Lima Site 85 managed to call in a nearbyAir America helicopter; a crew member aboard the helicopter armed with an assault rifle fired on the last biplane and caused it to crash.[13] The site was eventually overrun byPeople's Army of Vietnam commando climbers.
In the spring and summer of 1972, 360 USAF fighters and 96 USN fighters, a great number of which were F-4s of recent modifications, opposed only 71 VPAF aircraft (including 31 MiG-21).[10] The culmination of the struggle in the air was 10 May 1972, when the VPAF aircraft completed 64 sorties, engaging in 15 air battles. The VPAF claimed seven F-4s were shot down (the U.S. confirmed five F-4s were lost[14]). However, U.S. jets managed to shoot down two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21s, which played the role of "bait", brought four F-4 to two MiG-21s circling at low altitude, the MiGs attacked the F-4s and three missiles shot down two F-4. On 18 May, VPAF aircraft made 26 sorties in eight air engagements, which cost the U.S. four F-4s; VPAF fighters on that day did not suffer losses. On 13 June, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4s, the second pair of MiGs made a missile attack and was hit by two F-4s and did not suffer losses.[10]
Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965[15] and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favourable kill ratios. A total of 201 air battles took place between American and Vietnamese planes in 1972 sorties. The VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21U) and they claimed 90 U.S. aircraft were shot down, including 74 F-4 fighters and two RF-4C (MiG-21s shot down 67 enemy aircraft, MiG-17s shot down 11 and MiG-19s shot down 12 enemy aircraft[citation needed])
US Navy aceRandy Cunningham believed that he shot down a Mig-17 piloted by the mythical "Nguyen Toon" or "Colonel Tomb" while flying his F-4. However, no research has been able to identify Col. Tomb's existence; Cunningham most likely downed a flight leader of the 923rd Regiment. Legend states Col. Toon had allegedly downed 13 US aircraft during his tenure.[16] Many VPAF pilots were not only skilled but unorthodox, as Cunningham found out after making elementary tactical errors.[17] The resulting dogfight became extended. Cunningham climbed steeply, and the MiG pilot surprised Cunningham by climbing as well. Cunningham finally forced the MiG out ahead of him and destroyed it. In fact, there wasn't any pilot in VPAF named Nguyễn Toon, he was a fictional character of the American pilots and they often made jokes with the dissertation[clarification needed]. An invention of the American pilots, Colonel Toon was a combination of good pilots in Vietnam, like the "solo artist" lonely night bombing in World War II was calledWashing Machine Charlie.
On 19 April 1972 in theBattle of Đồng Hới two MiG-17s attacked several USN warships causing minor damage to theUSS Higbee. The USN claimed to have shot down one MiG with SAMs, while the VPAF claims both aircraft returned safely to base. On 22 April USN jets attackedKhe Gát Airfield, where the attack was launched from, destroying one MiG-17 on the ground and damaging a second.
There were several times during the war that the US bombing restrictions of VPAF airfields were lifted. Many VPAF aircraft were destroyed on the ground, and those that were not, were withdrawn to a sanctuary in the north west of the country or into China. In December 1972, duringOperation Linebacker II the North Vietnamese air defences used their supply of SAMs trying to down the high-flyingBoeing B-52 Stratofortress raids over the north. The North Vietnamese Air Defence Network was degraded byelectronic countermeasures (ECM) and othersuppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) measures. Though the North Vietnamese forces claim over 81 U.S. aircraft shot down, (including 34 B-52s, two attributed to the VPAF),[18][dubious –discuss], U.S sources acknowledge only 27 aircraft lost (including 15 B-52s).[19] During the 12 days of the Operation Linebacker II (18–29 December), during the eight air battles seven US aircraft (including four F-4s) and three VPAF MiG-21s were shot down.[10]
After the signing of theParis Peace Accords in early 1973 ended U.S. military involvement, the No. 919 transport air group (Lữ đoàn Không quân vận tải 919), was formed; and equipped with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as helicopters (rotor-wing) in November.
.jpg)
The VPAF did not play a major role during theHo Chi Minh Campaign in 1975. SA-2s were transported into South Vietnam to counter possible US military air strikes, but the U.S. did not re-enter the conflict and the RVNAF did not have the capability to strike targets in the north and had a limited effect in defending against the invasion. Thebombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the only airstrike conducted by the VPAF, occurred on 28 April 1975, just two days before theFall of Saigon. The operation was carried out by the VPAF's Quyet Thang Squadron, using capturedCessna A-37 Dragonfly light attack aircraft flown by VPAF pilots and RVNAF defectors led byNguyen Thanh Trung who had bombed thePresidential Palace inSaigon, less than one month earlier before defecting to the north.
During the war, the VPAF used the MiG-17F, PF (J-5); MiG-19 (J-6), MiG-21F-13, PF, PFM and MF fighters.[7] They claimed to have shot down 266 US aircraft and the U.S. claimed to have shot down or destroyed 204 MiG aircraft and at least six An-2s, of which 196 were confirmed with multiple witnesses/physical evidence (100 MiG-17s, 10 MiG-19s and 86 MiG-21s). However, VPAF admits only 154 MiGs were lost through all causes, including 131 in air combat (63 MiG-17s, 8 MiG-19s and 60 MiG-21s)[20]). Using those figures, total kill ratio would be 1:1.3 to 1:2.[21][22] With the number of losses to MiGs confirmed by US (121 aircraft shot down and 7 damaged[21][22]), the kill ratio turns 1.6:1 against the MiGs, or 1.1:1 even accepting the VPAF's figure of only 131 in air combat. However, quite often air-to-air losses of US fighter jets were re-attributed tosurface-to-air missiles, as it was considered"less embarrassing".[23]
According toDana Drenkowski andLester W. Grau, the number of U.S. aircraft lost confirmed by themself is unconfirmed since the U.S. figures are also suspect. If a plane was badly damaged, but managed to land, the USAF did not count as a loss, even if it was too damaged to fly again.[24]
After the end of the Vietnam War in May 1975, more regiments were formed. No. 935 fighter regiment "Đồng Nai" and no. 937 fighter-bomber regiment "Hậu Giang", followed by no. 918 transport regiment "Hong Ha" and no. 917 mixed transport regiment "Đồng Tháp" were created in July 1975. In September 1975, the four newly created regiments were formed into the 370nd Air Division "Lê Lợi" and the 372nd Air Division "Hai Van" was formed, including among others the 925th fighter regiment.[7]
On 31 May 1977, the VPAF (Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) was separated from the Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không).[7] In 1999, the two services were re-merged, forming the current incarnation of the Vietnamese Air Force, officially named theAir Defense
When South Vietnam was overrun by PAVN forces on 30 April 1975, approximately 877 aircraft were captured by the PAVN. Of that number, 41 wereF-5Es and 95 were A-37s.[25][full citation needed] WhenVietnam invaded Cambodia in 1979, former RVNAF A-37s flew most of the ground support missions. These aircraft were more suited to the role than the MiGs. Former VNAF F-5Es, C-123s,Lockheed C-130 Hercules and UH-1 helicopters were used by the VPAF for many years after the end of the War.
In the years between 1953 and 1991, approximately 700 warplanes, 120 helicopters and 158 missile complexes were supplied to North Vietnam/Vietnam by the USSR and China (primarily the MiG-19 (J-6 series). Even today, three-quarters of Vietnamese weaponry has been made in post-Cold War Russia.[26]
Today the VPAF is in the midst of modernisation. It still operates late modelSu-22s, aircraft of the Cold War era.[27][28] However, it has recently been modernising its air force with models of theSu-27-SK air superiority fighter following closer military ties, and an array of arms deals with Russia. To date, Vietnam has ordered and received 12 of these aircraft. In 2004, it acquired four modified variants of theSu-30 MK2V, newer models of the Su-27. In May 2009, they signed a deal to procure additional 12 aircraft from the Russians to bolster their ageing fleet. The air force has also acquired new advanced air defence systems, including twoS-300 PMU1 (NATO designation:SA-20) short-to-high altitude SAM batteries in a deal worth $300 million with Russia.[26]
In June 2015, it was reported that the air force was interested in acquiring European and U.S. aircraft as part of its ongoing modernisation. Possible candidates included theEurofighter Typhoon,Dassault Rafale,General Dynamics F-16 andSaab Gripen E/F.[29]
With the lifting of the US embargo on lethal weapons exports to Vietnam, the first lethal Western arms procured were Israeli-sourced medium-range SAM-systemSPYDER-MR. First deliveries began in 2016.[30] In 2022, Vietnam reached an agreement with the United States for 12Beechcraft T-6 Texan IItrainer aircraft.[31] In 2023, the United States open the possibility of F-16 sale to Vietnam following aJoe Biden visit.[32]
In February 2022, Viettel was awarded to develop remote sensing satellites.[33]
The organisational levels of Vietnam People's Air Force, from highest to lowest are:
| Division | Regiment | Name | Equipment | Base |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 371st Air Force Division (Thăng Long Division)[35] | 921st Fighter[36] | Red Star Squadron | Su-22M4/UM3K | Yen Bai Airport |
| 923rd Fighter-Bomber[37][38] | Yên Thế Squadron | Su-30MK2 | Tho Xuan Airport | |
| 927th Fighter[39] | Lam Son Squadron | Su-30MK2 | Kép Air Base | |
| 916th Helicopter[40] | Ba Vì Squadron | Mi-8,Mi-171 | Hòa Lạc Air Base | |
| 918th Air Transport | Hồng Hà Squadron | An-2,C-295M,C-212 Aviocar | Gia Lam Airport | |
| 372nd Air Force Division (Cửu Long Division)[41] | 929th Fighter-Bomber[42] | Su-22M4 | Chu Lai Airport[43] | |
| 930th Helicopter[42] | Mi-8,Mi-171 | Da Nang International Airport | ||
| 925th Fighter[42] | Tây Sơn Squadron | Su-27SK/UBK[44] | Phú Cat Airport | |
| 370th Air Force Division (Biên Hòa Division)[45][46] | 937th Fighter-Bomber[47] | Hậu Giang Squadron | Su-22M4/UM3K | Thanh Son Air Base |
| 935th Fighter[48] | Đồng Nai Squadron | Su-30MK2 | Biên Hòa Air Base | |
| 917th Mixed Air Transport[49][50][51] | Đồng Tháp Squadron | Mi-8,Mi-171 | Can Tho International Airport | |
| 361st Air Defence Division (Hà Nội Division)[52] | 218th SA Artillery | Hoa Lư Regiment[53] | ZSU-23-4,SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa,SA-13 Gopher,SA-20 Gargoyle,SPYDER | Hanoi |
| 280th SA Artillery[54] | Hồng Lĩnh Regiment | |||
| 236th SA Missile[55] | Sông Đà Regiment | |||
| 250th SA Missile[56] | Thăng Long Regiment | |||
| 257th SA Missile[57] | Red Flag Regiment | |||
| 64th SA Missile[58] | ||||
| 293rd Radar[59] | Phù Đổng Regiment | |||
| 363rd Air Defence Division[60] | 240th AA Artillery | ZSU-23-4,SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa,SA-13 Gopher | Hải Phòng | |
| 213th SA Missile | Trần Phú Regiment[61] | |||
| 238th SA Missile | Hạ Long Regiment | |||
| 285th SA Missile | Nam Triệu Regiment | |||
| 295th Radar[62] | P-18M | |||
| 365th Air Defence Division[63] | 228th SA Artillery[64] | Hàm Rồng Regiment | ZSU-23-4,SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa,SA-13 Gopher | Bắc Giang |
| 267th SA Missile[65] | Dien Bien Regiment | |||
| 284th SA Missile[66] | Song La Regiment | |||
| 291st Radar | ||||
| 375th Air Defence Division[67][68] | 224th SA Artillery[69] | Tô Vĩnh Diện Regiment | SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa | Da Nang |
| 275th SA Missile[70] | Sóc Sơn Regiment | |||
| 282nd SA Missile[71] | Tam Giang Regiment | |||
| 290th Radar[72] | ||||
| 377th Air Defence Division (Biên Hòa Division)[73] | 591st AA Artillery | Truong Son Regiment | SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa,SPYDER | Cam Ranh |
| 274th SA Missile | Hung Vuong Regiment | |||
| 292nd Radar[74] | ||||
| 367th Air Defence Division[citation needed] | 93rd SA Missile | ZSU-23-4,[75]SA-2 Guideline,SA-3 Goa,SA-20 Gargoyle | Ho Chi Minh City | |
| 230th SA Artillery | Thống Nhất Regiment | |||
| 261st SA Missile | Thanh Loa Regiment | |||
| 263rd SA Missile | Quang Trung Regiment | |||
| 276th SA Missile | ||||
| Air Force Officer's College[76] | 915th Air Training[77] | Mi-8 | Tuy Hoa Airport | |
| 910th Air Training[78] | L-39C andL-39NG | Tuy Hoa Airport | ||
| 920nd Air Training[79] | Yak-52[80] andT-6C Texan II | Phan Thiet Airport[81] | ||
| 940th Air Training[82] | Yak-130[83] | Tuy Hoa Airport[84] | ||
| 26th Signals Brigade[85] | Hanoi | |||
| Air Electronic Warfare Battalion[86] |
Some airbases in the south were built by the French, Japanese (World War II),United States Air Force orUnited States Navy forSouth Vietnam.
The rank insignia ofcommissioned officers.
| Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Vietnam People's Air Force[87] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||
| Thượng tướng | Trung tướng | Thiếu tướng | Đại tá | Thượng tá | Trung tá | Thiếu tá | Đại úy | Thượng úy | Trung úy | Thiếu úy | ||||||||||||||
The rank insignia ofnon-commissioned officers andenlisted personnel.
| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam People's Air Force[87] |  |  |  |  |  | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thượng sĩ | Trung sĩ | Hạ sĩ | Binh nhất | Binh nhì | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
To sacrifice himself undeservedly for the fatherland, fight for the cause of national independence and socialism, under the leadership of the Vietnam Workers Party...
The Inaugural Air Working Group Meeting between Viet Nam Air Defence-Air Force and Royal Brunei Air Force (1st AWG VN ADAF-RBAirF) was successfully held from 24 to 28 February 2025. The meeting took place at VN ADAF Headquarters and was Co-Chaired by Colonel (U) Haji Mohd Albadii Shahnoel bin Haji Mohd Noeh, Chief of Staff RBAirF and Senior Colonel Tran Manh Cuong, Deputy Chief of Staff, VN ADAF.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)Published Government Documents
Secondary Sources
| General | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services & Arms | |||||
| Military regions |
| ||||
| Army corps |
| ||||
| Others | |||||
.svg)
