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Viennese
Weanarisch,Weanerisch
Native to	Austria (Vienna)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Irminonic High German Upper German Bavarian Central Bavarian East Central Bavarian Viennese
Writing system	Latin (German alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	vien1238
IETF	de-viennese[1]
Viennese dialect   Viennese

Viennese German (Viennese:Weanarisch, Weanerisch; Standard German:Wienerisch) is the city dialect spoken inVienna, the capital ofAustria, and is counted among theBavarian dialects.^[2] It is distinct from written Standard German in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Even inLower Austria, thestate surrounding the city, many of its expressions are not used, while farther to the west they are often not even understood.

Viennese differs from theAustrian form ofStandard German, as well as from other dialects spoken in Austria.

At the beginning of the 20th century, one could differentiate among four Viennese dialects (named after the districts in which they were spoken):Favoritnerisch (Favoriten, 10th District),Meidlingerisch, (Meidling, 12th District),Ottakringerisch (Ottakring, 16th District), andFloridsdorferisch (Floridsdorf, 21st District). Today these labels are no longer applicable, and one speaks of a single Viennese dialect, with its usage varying as one moves further away from the city.

Besides the regional dialects of Old Vienna, there were also class-based dialects, orsociolects. For example,Schönbrunner Deutsch (Schönbrunn German), or German as spoken by the courtiers and attendants of the Habsburg Imperial Court atSchönbrunn Imperial Palace, was a manner of speech with an affected bored inflection combined with overenunciation.^{[clarification needed]} Though based on Standard German, this sociolect is influenced by Viennese. The nasal tonality was akin to Standard German spoken with a French accent. While far less used today, educated Viennese are still familiar with this court sociolect.

All in all, speaking Viennese by intonating sentences with distinctive ups and downs creates a very warm, melodic sound. This is particularly true for the "Schönbrunn" variety of Standard German, which is influenced by Viennese.

Features typical of Viennese German include:

• Monophthongization: Compared to Standard German and to other Bavarian dialects,diphthongs are often monophthongized (somewhat similar to the way someSouthern US accents turnoil intoo-ol).^[3]
  For example:
  • Standard Germanheiß – Bavarianhoaß – Viennesehaaß[haːs]
  • Standard Germanweiß – Viennesewääß[væːs]
  • Standard GermanHaus – VienneseHåås[hɒːs]
• It is typical to lengthen vowels somewhat, often at the end of a sentence. For example:Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa (Standard GermanHörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who it was?"
• The "Meidlinger L", i.e./l/ pronounced withvelarization[ɫ] found in theworking class dialect, which reflects theCzech pronunciation.
• Inserting vowels into consonant clusters (epenthesis): Likewise depending on the social class, a speaker, every now and then, may insert a vowel[ɐ] between two following consonants. That usually results in an additional syllable, which "intensifies" the word and usually has a negative feeling to it.
  Examples:
  • Standard GermanVerschwinde! – VienneseVaschwind! – intensifiedVaschawind!
  • Standard GermanVerbrecher! – VienneseVabrecha! – intensifiedVabarecha!
  • Standard Germanabgebrannt – Vienneseoobrennt – intensifiedoobarennt
  • Standard GermanGeradeaus! – VienneseGroodaus! – intensifiedGaroodaus!

The following Viennese German characteristics are also found in otherBavarian dialects:

• Consonant tenseness: Voicelessfortis consonants/p,t,k/ becomelenis[b̥,d̥,ɡ̊]. The[k], however, usually remains fortis when it follows a vowel.
• Vocalization of/l/ within a word after a vowel,
  e.g.also →oeso[ˈɔe̯so],Soldat →Soedot[sɔe̯ˈdɔːt],fehlen →föhn[fœːn],Kälte →Köödn[ˈkøːd̥n̩]
• Vocalization of/l/ at the end of a word, after a vowel,
  e.g.schnell →schnöö[ʃnœː],viel →vüü[fʏː]
• Unrounding frontvowels aftercoronal consonants,
  e.g.Glück[ˈɡlʏk] →Glick[ˈɡlɪk],schön[ˈʃøːn] →schee[ˈʃẽː]
• Rounding unrounded vowels before/l/ (which may have been elided by now),
  e.g.schneller →schnöller[ˈʃnœlɐ],vielleicht →vülleicht[fʏˈlæːçt],wild →wüüd[vyːd̥]

There are not many grammatical differences from other Bavarian dialects, but the following is typical:

• The use of the prepositionohne (without) with thedative case instead of theaccusative case

The dialect is distinct mostly in its vocabulary.

Vocabulary displays particular characteristics. Viennese retains manyMiddle High German and sometimes evenOld High German roots. Furthermore, it integrated many expressions from other languages, particularly from other parts of the formerHabsburg monarchy, as Vienna served as amelting pot for its constituent populations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Because transcription of Viennese has not been standardised, the rendering of pronunciation here is incomplete:

• fromOld High German:
  • Zähnd (Standard GermanZähne, Englishteeth, fromzand)
  • Hemad (Hemd, = Englishshirt, fromhemidi)
• fromMiddle High German:
  • Greißler (=small grocer, fromgriuzel –diminutive ofGruz =grain)
  • Baaz (=slimy mass, frombatzen=being sticky)
  • si ohgfrettn (=to struggle, fromvretten)
• fromHebrew andYiddish:
  • Masl (=luck, from Yiddish מזלmazl)
  • Hawara (=friend, companion, from Yiddish חבֿרkhaver or Ashkenazi Hebrew חברchavér)
  • Gannef (=crook, from Yiddish גנבֿganef)
  • Beisl (=bar, pub, from Hebrewbajis house + Yiddish diminutive suffix -ל-l =bajsl small house)
• fromCzech:
  • Motschga (=unappetizing mush, frommočka=residue in a pipe ora piss or fromomáčka=Sauce, Soup)
  • Pfrnak (=(big) nose, fromfrňák)
  • Lepschi (Auf Lepschi gehen =to go out orto amuse oneself, fromlepší=better)
• fromHungarian:
  • Maschekseitn (=the other side, froma másik)
  • Gattihosn (=long underpants, fromgatya =trousers)
• fromItalian:
  • Gspusi (=girlfriend, fromsposa)
  • Gstanzl (=Stanza of a humorous song, fromstanza)
  • Gusta (=appetite for something, fromgusto)
• fromFrench:
  • Trottoa (=sidewalk, fromtrottoir)
  • Lawua (=washbowl, fromlavoir)
  • Loschie (fromlogis)
• fromArabic:
  • Hadscha (=a long path, fromHajj)

In Viennese, the followingpragmatics peculiarities are found quite often:

• Frequentironic speech that is marked neither throughintonation nor throughgestures. In most cases, sarcasm must be identified through its context. Especially for foreigners, it is a source of misunderstandings. Such ironic speech is common in the Viennese sense of humour, which is better known asWiener Schmäh.
• Understatement uses recognisablediminutive suffixes, such as-l or-erl, as inKaffeetscherl orPlauscherl.

In more recent times Viennese has moved closer to Standard German; it has developed into a kind of Standard German spoken with a typical Vienneseaccent (for example, the original VienneseWos host’n fir a Notn gschriebn? becomes modernWas hast’n für eine Note gschriebn?). The typical Viennese monophthongization, through which the dialect differentiates itself from the neighboring dialects, remains, but mostly in the form of a developing "Pseudo-Standard German" that many visitors, particularly from other German-speaking areas, feel is ugly.^{[citation needed]}

For example:Waaaßt, wos mir heut in der Schule für än gråååsliches Fläääsch kriegt ham? (Standard GermanWeißt du, was für ein widerliches Fleisch wir heute in der Schule vorgesetzt bekamen?) ("Do you know what disgusting meat we were served at school today?") The monophthongizeddiphthongs, likeei ~äää orau ~ååå^{[clarification needed]}, are particularly stressed and lengthened.

The reason for the convergence of the typical Viennese dialects is the attitude, strengthened by the media, thatUrwienerisch (old Viennese) is associated with the lower classes. With the rising standard of living, the original Viennese can further converge, as it is considered a sign of low-class origins, while the unique Viennese words (such asZwutschgerl) (cf Zwetschge/Zwetsche/Pflaume depending on dialect ("plum")) however generally remain in use.

Viennese dialects have always been influenced by foreign languages, particularly due to immigration. In the past 40 years^[when?] immigrants mostly came from the former Yugoslavia, Turkey and most recently (East) Germany; but modern-day immigration has changed, which in turn has affected and created new varieties of modern-day Viennese. As an ongoing process, particularly in areas with a high percentage of first- and second-generation immigrants, newloanwords find their way into Viennese, and so do changes in pronunciation.^{[citation needed]}

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• Viennese for Americans – A Phrase BookArchived 2013-01-29 at theWayback Machine (A humorous guide to speaking Viennese; no translations into High German)

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