The name is archaically spelled asWiddin in English. Its older formDunonia meant "fortified hill" inCeltic with thedun element found frequently in Celtic place names.[2] Its archaicRomanian name isDiiu orDii,[3] although the name Vidin also appears in a Romanian-language chronicle ofIon Neculce, written in the first half of the 1700s.[4]
Vidin is the westernmost important Bulgarian Danube port and is situated on one of the southernmost sections of the river. TheNew Europe Bridge, completed in 2013, connects Vidin to the Romanian town ofCalafat on the opposite bank of the Danube. Previously, a ferry located 2 km (1 mi) from the town was in use for that purpose.
Vidin emerged at the place of an oldCeltic settlement known asDunonia.
TheRomans built afort here (calledBononia) on theDanubian Limes frontier system along theDanube and around which a Roman town developed. The town grew into one of the important centres of the province of UpperMoesia, encompassing the territory of modern north-western Bulgaria and easternSerbia.
WhenSlavs settled in the area, they called the townBadin orBdin, where the modern name comes from. Similarly,Anna Komnene refers to it asVidynē (Βιδύνη) in theAlexiad. Vidin's main landmark, theBaba Vida fortress, was built in the period from the 10th to the 14th century. In theMiddle Ages Vidin used to be an important Bulgarian city, a bishop seat and capital of a large province of theFirst Bulgarian Empire (681–1018). Between 971 and 976 the town was the center of future Bulgarian emperorSamuil's possessions while his brothers ruled to the south. In 1003 Vidin was seized byBasil II after an eight-month siege because of the betrayal of the local bishop. Its importance once again rose during theSecond Bulgarian Empire (1185–1422) and itsdespots were influential figures in the Empire and were on several occasions chosen for emperors. From the mid 13th century it was ruled by theShishman dynasty.
By early 1290s theKingdom of Serbia expanded towards the vicinity of Vidin, after defeating the Bulgarian rulers of the region of Braničevo,Darman and Kudelin. Threatened by Serbian expansion, the Bulgarian despotShishman of Vidin failed to repel the Serb forces, and accepted Serbian suzerainty,[5] although in practice, Shishman continued to be independent from Serbian influence and dealt mainly with Bulgaria.[6] Formal Serbian suzerainty lasted until Serbian kingStefan Milutin´s death, in 1321. As Milutin left no testament, after his death, in Serbia occurred a period of civil war withStefan Dečanski,Stefan Konstantin andStefan Vladislav II fighting for power.Michael Shishman took advantage of this situation, set free from Serbian overlordship, and returned to the Bulgarian sphere and in 1323 was chosen to be the Bulgarian emperor (tsar). After the death of Michael Shishman in the disastrousbattle of Velbazhd in 1330, Vidin passed under the rule of his brotherBelaur, who led un unsuccessful rebellion against the new emperorIvan Alexander of Bulgaria (r. 1331–1371) until his defeat in 1336. In 1356 Ivan Alexander appointed his sonIvan Stratsimir (r. 1356–1396) as a ruler of Vidin, who governed the city and the surrounding region, theTsardom of Vidin, as ade facto independent monarch.
The Ottomans went on to conquer thedespotates ofDobrudzha,Prilep andVelbazhd as well. Vidin's independence did not last long. In 1396, the Ottomans invaded and turned Vidin into a sandjak.[7]
The city fell underAustrian occupation in October 1689 during theGreat Turkish War. Both Austrians and the Ottomans had heavy casualties during the siege. The occupation lasted nine months and ended in August 1690. Shortly after Vidin's capture, in 19 October 1689 2.500 Muslim men and 1,000 Muslim women from Vidin weredeported toNikopol. The Austrians also built a military facility in front of the Vidin citadel, where they placed more than 40 cannons. During the construction, a large number of Muslim houses and shops were destroyed. Of 3,000 buildings, twohammams, many mosques, shops and coffee shops only 200-300 buildings and several shops survived.[8]
In 1853,The Times of London reported that Widdin, as it was called, was
a considerable town, with a population of about 26,000, and a garrison of 8,000 to 10,000 men. Widdin is one of the important fortified places of the military line of the Danube. It covers the approaches ofServia, commandsLittle Wallachia, the defiles ofTransylvania, and, above all, the opening of the road which leads throughNissia andSophia on toAdrianople. Its form is an irregularpentagon; it is stronglybastioned, possesses a fortified castle, with two redoubts in the islands, and its defences are completed by an extensivemarsh.[9]
In 1859 the English travelerSamuel Baker happened to visit Vidin and spotted Florence Barbara Maria von Sass fromTransylvania (then in Hungary, now in Romania) being sold into slavery, by some accounts destined to be owned by thePasha of Vidin. Baker bribed her guards and took her with him, she eventually becameFlorence Baker, his wife and partner in the exploration of Africa .[10][7]
Vidin is the 20th town by population in Bulgaria, but serious demographic problems have been experienced in the area during the last two decades. The number of the residents of the city reached its peak between 1988 and 1991 when the population exceeded 65,000.[12] As of 2011, the town had a population of 48,071 inhabitants[13] and 35,784 inhabitants as of 2021.
Vidin has ahumid subtropical climate close to a temperate continental climate, from which it is shifting further and further away due toglobal warming. In the winter months,inversions are very common[citation needed]. The average annual temperature is 11.8 °C (53.2 °F).
Vidin maintains two well-preserved medieval fortresses,Baba Vida andKaleto, as well as many old Orthodox churches such as St Pantaleimon, St Petka (both 17th century), and St Dimitar (Demetrius of Thessaloniki) (19th century), theVidin Synagogue (1894), theOsman PazvantoğluMosque andlibrary, the late 18th-century Turkish ruler of north-western Bulgaria, theKrastata Kazarma of 1798, and a number of old Renaissance buildings. Also remarkable is the theatre building which was the first Bulgarian theatre in "European model" and was built in 1891. The Vidin Synagogue built in 1894 was in 2021 a shell of its former self; plans are made to turn it into an interfaith cultural center; the Jews of Vidin number about a dozen.[20]
Another tourist attraction in the Vidin area is the town ofBelogradchik, famous for its unique and impressive rock formations, theBelogradchik Rocks and the medievalBelogradchik Fortress and also the nearbyMagura Cave with its beautiful prehistoric cave paintings.
A fragmented marble structure found near Vidin shows a bearded man in aPhrygian cap andRoman armor, identified asJupiter Dolichenus, holding a thunderbolt and likely a bipennis. This piece, dating from the late 2nd or early 3rd century, aligns with similar depictions of the deity found in other regions, suggesting a common iconographic theme.[21]
In Vidin is a border-station to neighbouring Romania via the Danube river. It was operated by ferryboats only until 14 June 2013 when theVidin–Calafat Bridge opened. Crossing by ferry was possible only every1⁄2 hour with just five trucks per ferry. Ticket prices were €50 per truck and €12 per car.
There is also a train station with daily international trains headed to Romania, as well as frequent routes to Sofia Sever and Mezdra.
The city has a regional airport (Vidin Airport, ICAO codeLBVD) a few kilometres to the north-west; as of 2000[update], there is no scheduled passenger service, and the buildings are in a state of disrepair. There are, however, state development plans to rebuild and restore the activity of Vidin airport.[22][23]
Close to the town lies a powerful medium wave broadcasting station (since 1973) whose signals can be easily received throughout Europe. It works on 576 khz with a power of 500 kW. For transmission on 576 kHz a 259-metre-tall (850 ft) guyed mast equipped with a cage antenna at its lower part is used. A powerful FM transmitter on 88.2 MHz provides good coverage for Hristo Botev radio. Also, Horizont and Radio Vidin are broadcast on 102.3 and 103.9 MHz with similar coverage to Hristo Botev
^Veyrenc, Charles Jacques (1981).Bulgaria Nagel's encyclopedia-guide (2 ed.). Nagel. p. 413.ISBN978-2-8263-0560-6.In the 3rd century BC the Celts established on the site now occupied by Vidin a fortress to which they gave the name of Dunonia, "fortified hill"
^Андреев, Йордан; Лазаров, Иван; Павлов, Пламен (1999).Кой кой е в средновековна България [Who is Who in Medieval Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Петър Берон. p. 395.ISBN978-954-402-047-7.
^Todorova, Olga. An episode from the History of Vidin (1689/1690): Some reflections on Hristo Gandev's theory of the so-called "Bulgarization" of towns, p. 108-109
^Dorothy Middleton, 'Baker, Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)',Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004accessed 5 Sept 2015
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