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Video editing is the post-production and arrangement ofvideo shots. Video editors draw from a variety of techniques fromfilmcinematography,television, and other sorts ofvideography.[1] Video editing structures and presents all video information, including films and television shows, video advertisements andvideo essays. Video editing has been dramatically democratized in recent years by editing software available for personal computers. Editing video can be difficult and tedious, so several technologies have been produced to aid people in this task. Overall, video editing has a wide variety of styles and applications.
Though once the province of expensive machines calledvideo editors,video editing software is now available forpersonal computers andworkstations. Video editing includes cutting segments (trimming), re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and otherspecial effects.[2]
Video editing is one of the most crucial steps of thepost-production process. The process combines all motionvideo production footage,special effects and sound recordings to create a compelling visual story. Before editing film, makers would require the camera to be stationary, with the action being distant from the camera. The video was captured with single shots strung together without regard for continuity, screen direction, lighting, emotional consideration, etc.[3] Using video footage, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events. The goal of editing is to combine video and sound to communicate to the audience and allow them to feel emotionally connected to the story. It is a visual art.[4]
Motion picturefilm editing is a predecessor to video editing and, in several ways, video editing simulates motion picture film editing. Video editing was first introduced with the use oflinear video editing, which was performed before digital software. Followed byvideo editing software onnon-linear editing systems (NLE).
The first type of editing in the early 1900s was made with scissors, tape, and an editing table. Since editors could not view their edits while in the process, holding the film to the light was their only way of viewing their work. The invention of theMoviola in the 1920s introduced a machine that enabled editors to view film footage while editing, allowing for greater precision.[5] this process was used for about fifty years and helped advance video editing.
In the 1950s,video tape recorders (VTR) were invented and it was a defining element in the advancement of video editing. The VTR was the first device to use magnetic tape and was a revolutionary addition to video editing but had major drawbacks; the quality degradation caused by copying was so great, that a2-inch Quadruplex videotape was edited by visualizing the recorded track withferrofluid, cutting it with arazor blade orguillotine cutter, and splicing withvideo tape. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of extremely fine iron filings suspended incarbon tetrachloride, a toxic and carcinogenic compound. This "developed" the magnetic tracks (tape), making them visible when viewed through amicroscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task. The process allowed editors to play back their video but only at one speed and to mark the point of cut an editor had to be very precise. This process was used up until the late 1970s and early 1980s but the evolution of video editing continued. By the 1960s the EECO 900 was invented as well as the Ampex EDITEC which allowed for electronic editing and electronic editing controller.[citation needed]
Improvements in quality and economy, and the invention of theflying erase-head, allowed new video and audio material to be recorded over the material already present on an existingmagnetic tape. This was introduced into thelinear editing technique. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, all later scenes would need to be recorded onto the video tape again insequence. In addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through avision mixer (video switcher) to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for creating these transitions was the U-matic equipment (named for the U-shaped tape path). That system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together simultaneously, so that the edit didn't roll or glitch. Later, in the 1980-90's came the smaller beta equipment (named for the B-shaped tape path), and more complex controllers, some of which did the synchronizing electronically.
Non-linear editing (NLE) was first introduced in the 1970s with the CMX 600, which allowed editors to modify and edit the pieces of footage to be moved and placed in an alternate timeline and preserving the original footage, the ability to work on any segment in the video in any order.[5] In 1984, the invention of the Editdroid created by LucasFilm allowed editors a computerized editing system that stored large quantities of high definition footage.[6]
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There was a transitional analog period using multiple sourcevideocassette recorders (VCR) with theMontage Picture Processor[7] andEdiflex,[8] orEditDroid usingLaserDisc players, but modern NLE systems edit video digitally captured onto ahard drive from ananalog video ordigital video source. Content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriatecodec that the video editing software uses to process captured footage. Withhigh-definition video becoming more popular and it can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with relatedmotion graphics programs. In the late 1980s and early 1990s at home NLE software became more apparent on home computers using software such as Avid Media Composer and Adobe Premiere. Thevideo clips are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles,digital on-screen graphics are added,special effects can be created, and the finished program is "rendered" into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways includingDVD,web streaming,QuickTime Movies, iPod,CD-ROM, or video tape.
By the 2000s, NLE had become accessible to everyone, with advanced of central processing units (CPUs) on personal computers giving the ability to edit at home with higher resolutions.
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Like some other technologies, the cost of video editing has declined over time. The original 2" Quadruplex system costs so much, that many television production facilities could only afford a single unit, and editing was a highly involved process that required special training.
In contrast to this, nearly any home computer sold since the year 2000 has the speed and storage capacity to digitize and editstandard-definition television (SDTV). The two major retail operating systems include basic video editing software –Apple'siMovie andMicrosoft'sWindows Movie Maker. Additional options exist, usually as more advanced commercial products. As well as these commercial products, there areopen-source[9] video-editing programs. Automatic video editing products have also emerged, opening up video editing to a broader audience of amateurs and reducing the time it takes to edit videos. These exist usually as media storage services, such asGoogle with itsGoogle Photos[10] or smaller companies like Vidify.
A video editor is someone involved in video production and the post-production of film making. Video editor's responsibilities involve decisions about the selection and combining of shots into sequences, as well as the addition of accompanying sound effects and music—to ultimately create a finished movie, television program, commercial, promo, or snipe. Video editors usually use non-linear editing software to accomplish the task of editing. A video editor is a technically inclined individual that makes creative video editing decisions.
A video editor can also refer to a computer device controller that controls video machines to mechanically put pieces of a film together using a 9-Pin Protocol. This is also referred to as machine to machine or linear.
A video editor is also used to refer to an application which can help users to combine different images or video parts and enhance their quality by applying effects and templates.
Video editing can be used for many purposes. Everysocial media app, workplace,YouTube video, and educational institute use this skill to create something visually appealing and informational.[11]
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Extracurricular courses inelementary schools throughout theUnited States have been started to educate students on the importance of video editing and practice video production.[15] Notablethemes of videos being taught in schools includemusic videos andshort documentaries; some of which winawards such as one fromPanasonic.
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