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Vermillion County, Indiana

Coordinates:39°51′N87°28′W / 39.85°N 87.46°W /39.85; -87.46
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
County in Indiana, United States

County in Indiana
Vermillion County, Indiana
The Vermillion County Courthouse in Newport
Official seal of Vermillion County, Indiana
Seal
Map of Indiana highlighting Vermillion County
Location within the U.S. state ofIndiana
Map of the United States highlighting Indiana
Indiana's location within theU.S.
Coordinates:39°51′N87°28′W / 39.85°N 87.46°W /39.85; -87.46
Country United States
StateIndiana
FoundedFebruary 1, 1824
Named afterVermilion River
SeatNewport
Largest cityClinton
Area
 • Total
259.93 sq mi (673.2 km2)
 • Land256.88 sq mi (665.3 km2)
 • Water3.05 sq mi (7.9 km2)  1.17%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
15,439
 • Estimate 
(2023)
15,417Decrease
 • Density60.102/sq mi (23.206/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district8th
Websitewww.vermilliongov.us
Indiana county number 83

Vermillion County lies in the western part of theU.S. state ofIndiana between theIllinois border and theWabash River. As of the2020 census, the population was 15,439.[1] Thecounty seat isNewport.[2] It was officially established in 1824 and was the fiftieth Indianacounty created. Vermillion County is included in theTerre Haute metropolitan area. The county contains seven incorporated towns with a total population of about 9,900,[3] as well as several unincorporated communities; it is also divided into fivetownships which provide local services.[4][5] An interstate highway, two U.S. routes, and five state roads cross the county, as does a major railroad line.[6][7]

History

[edit]

The first settlers in the area arrived in 1816, the same year that the state of Indiana was established. Vigo County was formed in 1818 and included the area that later became Parke and Vermillion counties. In 1821, Parke County was formed, and on January 2, 1824, the Indiana General Assembly created Vermillion County out of Parke County; the act took effect on February 1. The county seat was established at Newport later that year.[8]

The county was named for the southboundVermilion River, which flows nearby. The name is spelled in the French/Commonwealth English style with a double letter "l", in contrast to the American English spelling of the adjacentVermilion County, Illinois. This is one of only a few cases in the United States in which a county borders a county with the same name in another state.[9][10]

The county courthouse which served from 1868 to 1923

The first courthouse was a frame building. The contract was awarded in June 1824 for $345[n 1] and was to be completed by the following November; it was used for county business until a brick building could be constructed. The brick courthouse was contracted in 1831; the completed building was used until January 29, 1844, when the building caught fire. It was repaired and served until 1868 when a third courthouse was built at a cost of $30,000;[n 2] a west wing was added in 1903 at a cost of $28,000.[12][n 3] That building was struck by lightning early on the morning of May 27, 1923, and was largely destroyed by fire. Construction on the fourth (and current) courthouse began that same year; Halbert Fillinger and John Bayard were the architects. The stone building was constructed by Jasper Good of Columbus at a cost of $358,707, and the new courthouse was dedicated on June 11, 1925.[13][n 4]

An REO leaves the hill climb starting line

The Newport Hill Climb was first held in 1909. The event was started and stopped several times over the years, but the NewportLions Club now runs theNewport Antique Auto Hill Climb; it has been held continuously since the 1960s and involves several hundred cars each year.[14]

On January 26, 2017, the wooden grandstand at the Vermillion County Fairgrounds was destroyed by a massive fire. The wooden grandstand was built in 1933 as a WPA work project, and was the oldest wooden grandstand in Indiana. TheCayuga Fire Department said that the cause of the fire is suspicious.[15]

Geography

[edit]
Map of Vermillion County

Vermillion County is less than 10 miles (16 km) from east to west at its widest point, but it extends over 37 miles (60 km) from north to south. It shares a 6.5-mile (10.5 km) border withWarren County to the north. Its eastern border is defined by theWabash River.Fountain andParke counties lie across the river to the northeast and southeast, respectively. Vermillion County is the southernmost county in Indiana entirely on the right bank of the Wabash.Vigo County, from which Parke and Vermillion counties were formed, lies to the south. The county's western border is shared with the state of Illinois. To the northwest liesVermilion County, Illinois; its county seat,Danville, is west of the northern border of Vermillion County. To the southwest isEdgar County; its county seat,Paris, is west of Vermillion County's southern border. The state capital ofIndianapolis lies about 65 miles (105 km) to the east.[16]

According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 259.93 square miles (673.2 km2), of which 256.88 square miles (665.3 km2) (or 98.83%) is land and 3.05 square miles (7.9 km2) (or 1.17%) is water.[17] The Vermillion River, for which the county was named, enters from Illinois to the west and crosses the county to empty into the Wabash River near Cayuga. Forests cover about 23% of the county, or about 37,865 acres (15,323 ha),[18] and consist principally of deciduous hardwoods among whichmaplebeech andoakhickory forests are the most common.[19]

At a meeting of the board of commissioners on March 23, 1824 (the same year the county was formed), four townships were created:Clinton,Helt,Highland, andVermillion. Later,Eugene Township was created out of portions of Highland and Vermillion; the north end of Highland Township became part of Warren County.[20]

There are seven incorporated towns in Vermillion County.Cayuga is located near the confluence of the Vermillion and Wabash rivers, along State Road 63 just west of its intersection with State Road 234.Clinton is the largest settlement in the county with a population of about 5100, and lies further to the south along the Wabash River, between it and State Road 63; State Road 163 passes through the town to reach U.S. Route 41 on the east side of the river.Fairview Park is just north of Clinton; State Road 63 passes through the north end of the town.Dana is a small town just north of the intersection of U.S. Route 36 and State Road 71.Newport is located just east of State Road 63, a few miles south of Cayuga; it is the county seat, although it is one of the smallest towns in the county.Perrysville is also located along the Wabash River, on State Road 32 just east of its intersection with State Road 63.Universal is in the far southern part of the county, west of State Road 63.[21]

In addition to the towns, there are also manyunincorporated communities. Helt Township has more than any other township and includes the communities ofAlta,Bono,Highland,Hillsdale,Jonestown,Saint Bernice, andSummit Grove. Clinton Township containsBlanford,Centenary,Klondyke, andSyndicate. Highland Township includes Flat Iron,Gessie,Rileysburg, and Tree Spring. Eugene Township, which contains Cayuga, has just one unincorporated community:Eugene, which is just north of Cayuga.[21]

At least three other communities once existed in Vermillion County but have since become extinct:Quaker,Randall, andToronto.

Tree Spring in northern Vermillion County

Climate

[edit]
Newport
Climate chart (explanation)
J
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65
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: The Weather Channel[22]
Metric conversion
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3
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

Vermillion County is in thehumid continental climate region of the United States along with most of Indiana. ItsKöppen climate classification is Dfa,[23] meaning that it is cold, has no dry season, and has a hot summer.[24] In recent years, temperatures in Newport have ranged from an average low of 15 °F (−9 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −26 °F (−32 °C) was recorded in 1994, and a record high of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded in 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.80 inches (46 mm) inches in February to 4.53 inches (115 mm) inches in June.[22]

Transportation

[edit]

Interstate 74 passes from east to west through the north end of the county;[25]U.S. Route 136 does so as well, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further to the north.[26]U.S. Route 36 crosses the south part of the county on its way fromRockville toChrisman, Illinois, passing just south of Dana.[27]

State Road 32 runs from the state line through Perrysville and continues east toward Crawfordsville.[28]State Road 63 runs the length of the county from north to south on its way to Terre Haute in the south;[29]State Road 71 begins at State Road 63 near Newport and runs southwest, then south through Dana and Bono before ending at Blanford.[30] There,State Road 163 runs east through Clinton to joinU.S. Route 41 on the east side of the Wabash River.[31]State Road 234 runs from the Indiana border through Cayuga, continuing east throughKingman in Fountain County.[32]

CSX Transportation operates a railroad line running from Danville, Illinois to Terre Haute. This line runs most of the length of Vermillion County from north to south, passing through Rilesyburg, Cayuga, and Clinton before crossing the Wabash River. Another CSX line coming fromDecatur, Illinois, enters the county from the west and meets the north–south line near Hillsdale. The 6-mile (9.7 km)Vermilion Valley Railroad passes through the very north edge of the county on its way from theFlex-N-Gate factory west of Covington to Danville, Illinois.[7]

Airport

[edit]

The county has three small airports, theClinton Airport, located inClinton, Gessie Airport located in Gessie, and Universal Heli Port located in Universal.[33] TheIndianapolis International Airport is located about 65 miles (105 km) to the east.[16][34]

Economy

[edit]

Vermillion County's economy is supported by a labor force of approximately 7,924 workers with an unemployment rate in December 2010 of 12.5%. Government jobs make up 13% of the county's employment. Manufacturing accounts for 12.4%, and construction 10%, while 8.5% of the county's jobs relate to farming.[35]

Private employment by company

[edit]

The largest private employers in Vermillion County as of 2017 are as follows. This listexcludes franchises, retail, and majority part-time employers.[36]

Largest Fulltime Employers of Vermillion County (as of 2017)
RankEmployerNumber of Employees
1White Construction577
2Elanco460
3South Vermillion School Corp285
4Union Hospital160
5International Paper140
6Duke Energy120
7North Vermillion School Corp120
8Scott Pet Products54
9National Gypsum22
10Scott Oil, Inc.21
11Hog Slat18
12Clinton Color Crafters17
13AC Grain12

Education and health care

[edit]

The administration of public schools in Vermillion County is divided between twoschool districts,North Vermillion Community School Corporation andSouth Vermillion Community School Corporation, with each one taking different portions of the county.[37] The North Vermillion district administersNorth Vermillion Junior-Senior High School and North Vermillion Elementary School, both located just north of Cayuga along State Road 63.[38] The South Vermillion district administers schools located in Clinton, includingSouth Vermillion High School, South Vermillion Middle School, and three elementary schools: Central, Ernie Pyle, and Van Duyn. It also manages the Parke Vermillion Education and Training Interlocal (PVETI) in Hillsdale.[39]

There are no colleges or universities within Vermillion County, but there are several nearby.Indiana State University is a public four-year college in Terre Haute in neighboring Vigo County, about 30 miles (48 km) to the south of Newport.Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology, a smaller private college also in Terre Haute, specializes in teaching engineering, mathematics, and science.Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana has 23 campuses throughout the state; the nearest to Vermillion County is in Terre Haute.

The Vermillion County Public Library has branches in Cayuga, Newport, and Dana.[40] In 1909 aCarnegie library was built in Clinton; it was expanded in 1947 and in 1953. In the early 1990s it was determined that an entirely new building was needed, and this was completed in 1994.[41]

Union Hospital, located in Terre Haute to the south, operates a hospital in Clinton.[42]

Notable people

[edit]
Henry Washburn
Claude Matthews
Ernie Pyle

Henry Dana Washburn was born in Vermont in 1832; in 1850 he moved to Vermillion County, studied law, and opened a practice in Newport in 1853. He served in the Civil War on the Union side as a lieutenant colonel and later as a general; after the war he was elected to theUnited States House of Representatives and served through 1869. In 1870 he headed an expedition which explored the area that later becameYellowstone National Park. He died 1871 in Clinton and is buried at Riverside Cemetery.[43]

Claude Matthews was the governor of Indiana from 1893 to 1897. He was born in Kentucky in 1845; he moved to Vermillion County in 1867 and became a prominent farmer. He was electedIndiana Secretary of State in 1890, and governor in 1893. He died in 1898 in Indianapolis and is buried in Clinton; he was 52 years old.[44]

Ernie Pyle was born on a farm near Dana in 1900. He served for three months in the United States Navy Reserve at the end of World War I; after the war he attendedIndiana University but left before graduating to take a newspaper job. He served for several years as the managing editor at theWashington Daily News, and later became the nation's first aviation columnist. He began as a roving correspondent in 1935, and became a war correspondent when the United States entered World War II. His work during the war earned him aPulitzer Prize. He died in combat in 1945.[45]

Ken Kercheval was born in Clinton[46] in 1935 and became an actor in 1962; he is best known for his role as "Cliff Barnes" in the television seriesDallas.

Dana Lewman lived in Vermillion County until she was six. She is best known for the Breaking Good podcast.[47][48] The five-part series chronicles her early life and teenage summers in various towns within the county, including Dana and Clinton.[49]

Government

[edit]
See also:Government of Indiana

The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by theConstitution of Indiana, and by theIndiana Code.

County Council: The county council is the fiscal body of the county government and controls all the spending and revenue collection in the county. The 7 representatives are elected from 4 county districts and 3 at-large positions. The council members serve four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.[50][51]

Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county is made of a board of commissioners. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered terms, and each serves a four-year term. One of the commissioners, typically the most senior, serves as president. The commissioners are charged with executing the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.[50][51]

Court: The county maintains asmall claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of six years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state levelcircuit court.[51]

County Officials: The county has several other elected offices, includingsheriff,coroner,auditor,treasurer,recorder,surveyor, and circuitcourt clerk Each of these elected officers serves a term of four years and oversees a different part of county government. Members elected to county government positions are required to declareparty affiliations and to be residents of the county.[51]Each of the townships has atrustee who administers rural fire protection and ambulance service, provides poor relief and manages cemetery care, among other duties.[5] The trustee is assisted in these duties by a three-member township board. The trustees and board members are elected to four-year terms.[52]

Based on 2000 census results, Vermillion County is part ofIndiana's 8th congressional district, the 38thIndiana Senate district,[53] and the 42ndIndiana House of Representatives district.[54] The county traditionally leaned Democratic, but sinceBarack Obama won it (and Indiana) in the 2008 presidential election, the county has swung heavily to the Republican Party.

United States presidential election results for Vermillion County, Indiana[55]
YearRepublicanDemocraticThird party(ies)
No. %No. %No. %
18881,73052.36%1,43843.52%1364.12%
18921,72350.16%1,43741.83%2758.01%
18962,14153.61%1,81445.42%390.98%
19002,32254.27%1,79942.04%1583.69%
19042,72459.39%1,43731.33%4269.29%
19082,56850.83%1,84436.50%64012.67%
19121,62133.20%1,78036.46%1,48130.34%
19162,60743.61%2,34339.19%1,02817.20%
19204,91652.08%3,21834.09%1,30513.83%
19244,48949.14%2,77930.42%1,86720.44%
19285,19251.41%4,79347.46%1151.14%
19324,11537.85%6,39058.77%3673.38%
19364,32037.13%7,18861.78%1271.09%
19405,71647.74%6,17451.57%830.69%
19444,99850.17%4,91249.30%530.53%
19484,68545.03%5,42652.15%2932.82%
19525,28347.84%5,70851.69%520.47%
19565,35250.81%5,14948.88%320.30%
19604,79846.92%5,39152.71%380.37%
19643,39736.21%5,95763.49%280.30%
19683,60741.76%3,84544.52%1,18513.72%
19724,76457.24%3,51542.23%440.53%
19763,67443.03%4,79156.11%730.86%
19804,19549.94%3,79345.15%4124.90%
19844,42854.30%3,66644.96%600.74%
19883,67447.27%4,04452.03%540.69%
19922,36030.13%3,65246.63%1,82023.24%
19962,33435.08%3,25148.87%1,06816.05%
20003,13047.19%3,37050.81%1332.01%
20043,53650.39%3,42448.80%570.81%
20083,01042.19%4,00356.10%1221.71%
20123,42651.89%2,97945.12%1983.00%
20164,51364.72%2,08129.84%3795.44%
20205,18469.21%2,14528.64%1612.15%
20245,17471.21%1,92826.53%1642.26%

Communities

[edit]

Townships

[edit]

Cities and Towns

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18305,692
18408,27445.4%
18508,6614.7%
18609,4228.8%
187010,84015.0%
188012,02510.9%
189013,1549.4%
190015,25215.9%
191018,86523.7%
192027,62546.4%
193023,238−15.9%
194021,787−6.2%
195019,723−9.5%
196017,683−10.3%
197016,793−5.0%
198018,2298.6%
199016,773−8.0%
200016,7880.1%
201016,212−3.4%
202015,439−4.8%
2023 (est.)15,417[56]−0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[57]
1790-1960[58] 1900-1990[59]
1990-2000[60] 2010[61]

As of the2010 United States census, there were 16,212 people, 6,619 households, and 4,533 families residing in the county.[62] The population density was 63.1 inhabitants per square mile (24.4/km2). There were 7,488 housing units at an average density of 29.1 per square mile (11.2/km2).[17] The racial makeup of the county was 98.3% white, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population.[62] In terms of ancestry, 24.7% wereAmerican, 19.5% wereGerman, 11.0% wereIrish, 9.8% wereEnglish, and 7.9% wereItalian.[63]

Of the 6,619 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.5% were non-families, and 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 41.9 years.[62]

The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $50,743. Males had a median income of $41,620 versus $30,168 for females. The per capita income for the county was $22,178. About 11.8% of families and 14.7% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.[64]

List of Sheriffs

[edit]
Parties

  Democratic (41)  Democratic-Republican (3)  Independent (1)
  Republican (4)  Whig (3)

#SheriffTook officeLeft officePartyTermsNotes
1 William Fulton18241824Democratic-Republican
2 Caleb Bales18251828Democratic-Republican
3 Charles Trowbridge18291832Democratic-Republican
4William Craig18331834Independent
5 Allen Stroud18341838Whig2
6 William Bales18391842Whig1
7 Charles Trowbridge18431846Whig1
8 Owen Craig18471848Democratic1
9 Eli Newlin18491852Democratic1
10 William Potts18531856Democratic2
11 James Weller18571860Democratic1
12 Isaac Porter18611864Democratic1
13 Harvey D. Crane18651868Republican1
14 Jacob S. Stephens18691872Republican1
15 Lewis H. Beckman18731876Republican1
16 Spencer H. Dallas18771880Democratic1
17 William C. Myers18811884Democratic1
18 John A. Darby18851888Democratic1
19 William Rheuby18891890Republican1
20 Michael Maher18911892Democratic1
21 Joseph C. Dillow18931894Democratic1
22 John M. Roberts18951898Democratic1
23 Frank Slater18991900Democratic1
24 James A. Swayne19011904Democratic1
25 Jacob S. Stephens19051908Democratic1
26 Morton Hollingsworth19091910Democratic1
27 Steve McCown19111913Democratic1Died in office
28 Roscoe Russell19131914Democratic1
29 Martin C. Jones19141916Republican1Killed in office
30 Harry E. Jones19161916Republican1
31 Morton Hollingsworth19171920Democratic1
32 Alex C. Jones19201920Democratic1
33 James W. Thomas19201920Democratic1
34 Lewis Sweet19211922Democratic1
35 Harry Newland19221924Democratic1
36 William Rein19251928Democratic1
37 Harry Newland19291932Democratic1
38 Earl Smith19331936Democratic1
39 Allen Hennis19371940Democratic1
40 Oel Potter19411944Democratic1
41 Loren Griffin19451948Democratic1
42 Dom Costello19491958Democratic2
43 Robert Lindsey19591966Democratic2
44 Frank Turchi19671974Democratic2
45 Jack Rauchbach19751978Democratic2
46 Frank Turchi19791982Democratic2
47 Kim H. Hawkins19831990Democratic2
48 Larry J. Jones19911994Democratic2
49 Paul F. Curry19951998Democratic2
50 Kim H. Hawkins19992006Democratic2
51 Robert J. Spence20072014Democratic2
52 Michael R. Phelps[65]20152022Democratic2
53 Mike Holtkamp2023PresentDemocratic2

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^A $345 capital expense in 1824 would be roughly equivalent to $229,000 in 2009.[11]
  2. ^A $30,000 capital expense in 1868 would be roughly equivalent to $6,410,000 in 2009.[11]
  3. ^A $28,000 capital expense in 1903 would be roughly equivalent to $4,000,000 in 2009.[11]
  4. ^A $350,000 capital expense in 1925 would be roughly equivalent to $21,000,000 in 2009.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Vermillion County, Indiana".United States Census Bureau. RetrievedJune 7, 2023.
  2. ^"Find a County – Vermillion County, IN". National Association of Counties. Archived fromthe original on July 19, 2011. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2011.
  3. ^"Vermillion County, Indiana -- County Subdivision and Place. GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000".United States Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on February 12, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2011.
  4. ^"Indiana Township Association". RetrievedSeptember 12, 2010.
  5. ^ab"Duties". United Township Association of Indiana. RetrievedJanuary 6, 2011.
  6. ^"Indiana Transportation Map 2009-2010"(PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2009.Archived(PDF) from the original on November 18, 2009. RetrievedDecember 16, 2010.
  7. ^ab"Indiana Railroads"(PDF). Indiana Department of Transportation. 2008. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 18, 2009. RetrievedDecember 11, 2010.
  8. ^Bowen 1913, p. 249.
  9. ^Baker, Ronald L.; Carmony, Marvin (1975).Indiana Place Names. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 170.
  10. ^Circle, Twelve Mile (May 16, 2010)."Adjacent Counties, Same Name, Different States".Twelve Mile Circle. RetrievedMay 20, 2019.
  11. ^abcdWilliamson, Samuel H. (April 2010).Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to present.MeasuringWorth. Calculations made using Nominal GDP Per Capita, a measure of capital intensivity, using "the 'average' per-person output of the economy in the prices of the current year." This is a measure of the amount of capital and volume of labor required to reproduce the work over varying production methods, but assuming that money represents a proportion of the economy.
  12. ^Bowen 1913, p. 256.
  13. ^Counts, Will; Jon Dilts (1991).The 92 Magnificent Indiana Courthouses. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 172–3.ISBN 978-0-253-33638-5.
  14. ^Greninger, Howard (October 2, 2009)."Newport Antique Auto Hill Climb marks 100th anniversary of its first race".Terre Haute Tribune-Star. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2011.
  15. ^Associated Press (January 27, 2017)."Massive fire destroys oldest grandstands in Indiana".WTTV CBS. RetrievedDecember 18, 2017.
  16. ^abRegion of Vermillion County, Indiana (Map). National Atlas of the United States. Archived fromthe original on January 4, 2012. RetrievedDecember 19, 2010.
  17. ^ab"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County".United States Census Bureau. Archived fromthe original on February 10, 2020. RetrievedJuly 10, 2015.
  18. ^Indiana Department of Natural Resources' Division of Forestry (2010).Indiana Statewide Forestry Strategy(PDF) (Report). Indiana DNR. RetrievedDecember 24, 2010.
  19. ^USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry."Forests of Indiana: A 1998 Overview". RetrievedDecember 24, 2010.
  20. ^Bowen 1913, pp. 252-253.
  21. ^abUnited States Geological Survey."Geographic Names Information System: Populated places in Vermillion County, Indiana". RetrievedDecember 19, 2010.
  22. ^ab"Monthly Averages for Newport, Indiana". The Weather Channel. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2011.
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