Although referred to as an "Italian dialect" (Venetian:diałeto;Italian:dialetto) even by some of its speakers, the label is primarily political, referring to geography and not linguistics. In the realm of linguistics, Venetian is often considered a separate language from Italian, with its own local varieties. Its precise place within the Romance language family remains somewhat controversial however. BothEthnologue andGlottolog group it into theGallo-Italic branch (and thus, closer toFrench andEmilian–Romagnol than toItalian).[8][7]Devoto, Avolio and Ursini reject such classification,[15][16][17] andTagliavini [it] places it in theItalo-Dalmatian branch of Romance.[18]
Like all members of theRomance language family, Venetian evolved fromVulgar Latin, and is thus a sister language ofItalian and other Romance languages. Venetian is first attested in writing in the 13th century.
The language enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of theRepublic of Venice, when it attained the status of alingua franca in theMediterranean Sea. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrightsRuzante (1502–1542),Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) andCarlo Gozzi (1720–1806). Following the old Italian theatre tradition (commedia dell'arte), they used Venetian in their comedies as the speech of the common folk. They are ranked among the foremost Italian theatrical authors of all time, and plays by Goldoni and Gozzi are still performed today all over the world.
Even before the demise of the Republic, Venetian gradually ceased to be used for administrative purposes in favor of the Tuscan-derived Italian language that had been proposed and used as a vehicle for a common Italian culture, strongly supported by eminent Venetian humanists and poets, fromPietro Bembo (1470–1547), a crucial figure in the development of theItalian language itself, toUgo Foscolo (1778–1827).
Venetian spread to other continents as a result of mass migration from theVeneto region between 1870 and 1905, and between 1945 and 1960. Venetian migrants created large Venetian-speaking communities inArgentina,Brazil (seeTalian), andMexico (seeChipilo Venetian dialect), where the language is still spoken today.
In the 19th century, large-scale immigration towardsTrieste andMuggia extended the presence of the Venetian language eastward. Previously, the dialect of Trieste had been a Rhaeto-Romance dialect known asTergestino. This dialect became extinct as a result of Venetian migration, which gave rise to theTriestino dialect of Venetian spoken there today.
Internal migrations during the 20th century also saw many Venetian-speakers settle in other regions of Italy, especially in thePontine Marshes of southernLazio where they populated new towns such asLatina,Aprilia andPomezia, forming there the so-called "Venetian-Pontine" community (comunità venetopontine).
Some firms have chosen to use Venetian language in advertising, as a beer did some years ago[clarification needed] (Xe foresto solo el nome, 'only the name is foreign').[24] In other cases advertisements in Veneto are given a "Venetian flavour" by adding a Venetian word to standard Italian: for instance an airline used the verbxe (Xesempre più grande, "it is always bigger") into an Italian sentence (the correct Venetian beingel xe senpre pì grando)[25] to advertise new flights fromMarco Polo Airport.[citation needed]
In 2007, Venetian was given recognition by theRegional Council of Veneto with regional law no. 8 of 13 April 2007 "Protection, enhancement and promotion of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Veneto".[26] Though the law does not explicitly grant Venetian any official status, it provides for Venetian as object of protection and enhancement, as an essential component of the cultural, social, historical and civil identity of Veneto.
InMexico, theChipilo Venetian dialect is spoken in the state ofPuebla and the town ofChipilo. The town was settled by immigrants from theVeneto region, and some of their descendants have preserved the language to this day. People from Chipilo have gone on to make satellite colonies in Mexico, especially in the states ofGuanajuato,Querétaro, andState of Mexico. Venetian has survived in the state ofVeracruz, where other Italian migrants have settled since the late 19th century. The people of Chipilo preserve their dialect and call itchipileño, and it has been preserved as a variant since the 19th century. The variant of Venetian spoken by theCipiłàn (Chipileños) is northern Trevisàn-Feltrìn-Belumàt.
In 2009, the Brazilian city ofSerafina Corrêa, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, gaveTalian a joint official status alongsidePortuguese.[28][29] Until the middle of the 20th century, Venetian was also spoken on the Greek Island ofCorfu, which had long been under the rule of theRepublic of Venice. Venetian had been adopted by a large proportion of the population ofCephalonia, one of theIonian Islands, because the island was part of theStato da Màr for almost three centuries.[30]
A chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria
Venetian is a Romance language and thus descends fromVulgar Latin. Its classification has always been controversial: According to Tagliavini, for example, it is one of theItalo-Dalmatian languages and most closely related toIstriot on the one hand andTuscan–Italian on the other.[18]
Some authors include it among theGallo-Italic languages,[31] and according to others, it is not related to either one.[32] Although both Ethnologue and Glottolog group Venetian into the Gallo-Italic languages,[8][7] the linguistsGiacomo Devoto and Francesco Avolio and theTreccani encyclopedia reject the Gallo-Italic classification.[15][16][17]
Although the language region is surrounded by Gallo-Italic languages, Venetian does not share some traits with these immediate neighbors. Some scholars stress Venetian's characteristic lack of Gallo-Italic traits (agallicità)[33] or traits found further afield inGallo-Romance languages (e.g. French,Franco-Provençal)[34] or theRhaeto-Romance languages (e.g.Friulian,Romansh). For example, Venetian did not undergo vowel rounding or nasalization, palatalize/kt/ and/ks/, or develop rising diphthongs/ei/ and/ou/, and it preserved final syllables, whereas, as inItalian, Venetian diphthongization occurs in historically open syllables.[35]
On the other hand, Venetian does share many other traits with its surrounding Gallo-Italic languages, like interrogativeclitics, mandatory unstressedsubject pronouns (with some exceptions), the "to be behind to" verbal construction to express thecontinuous aspect ("El ze drio manjar" = He is eating, lit. he is behind to eat) and the absence of theabsolute past tense as well as ofgeminated consonants.[36][pages needed] Venetian has some unique traits which are shared by neither Gallo-Italic, nor Italo-Dalmatian languages, such as the use of theimpersonal passive forms and the use of the auxiliary verb "to have" for thereflexive voice (both traits shared withGerman).[37]
Modern Venetian is not a close relative of theextinctVenetic language spoken in Veneto before Roman expansion, although both areIndo-European, and Venetic may have been anItalic language, likeLatin, the ancestor of Venetian and most otherlanguages of Italy. The ancientVeneti gave their name to the city and region, which is why the modern language has a similar name, while their language may have also left a few traces in modern Venetian as asubstrate.
All these variants are mutually intelligible, with a minimum 92% in common among the most diverging ones (Central and Western). Modern speakers reportedly can still understand Venetian texts from the 14th century to some extent.[citation needed]
A street sign (nizioléto) in Venice using Venetiancalle, as opposed to the ItalianviaLasa pur dir (Let them speak), an inscription on theVenetian House inPiran, southwestern Slovenia
Like most Romance languages, Venetian has mostly abandoned the Latincase system, in favor ofprepositions and a more rigidsubject–verb–object sentence structure. It has thus become moreanalytic, if not quite as much as English. Venetian also has the Romancearticles, both definite (derived from the Latin demonstrativeille) and indefinite (derived from the numeralunus).
Venetian also retained the Latin concepts ofgender (masculine and feminine) andnumber (singular and plural). Unlike the Gallo-Iberian languages, which form plurals by adding-s, Venetian forms plurals in a manner similar to standard Italian. Nouns and adjectives can be modified by suffixes that indicate several qualities such as size, endearment, deprecation, etc. Adjectives (usually postfixed) and articles are inflected to agree with the noun in gender and number, but it is important to mention that the suffix might be deleted because the article is the part that suggests the number. However, Italian is influencing Venetian language:
Venetian
Veneto dialects
Italian
English
el gato graso
el gato graso
il gatto grasso
the fat (male) cat
la gata grasa
ła gata grasa
la gatta grassa
the fat (female) cat
i gati grasi
i gati grasi
i gatti grassi
the fat (male) cats
le gate grase
łe gate grase
le gatte grasse
the fat (female) cats
In recent studies on Venetian variants in Veneto, there has been a tendency to write the so-called "evanescent L" as⟨ł⟩. While it may help novice speakers, Venetian was never written with this letter. In this article, this symbol is used only in Veneto dialects of Venetian language. It will suffice to know that in Venetian language the letter L in word-initial and intervocalic positions usually becomes a "palatal allomorph", and is barely pronounced.[38]
Very fewVenetic words seem to have survived in present Venetian, but there may be more traces left in the morphology, such as themorpheme -esto/asto/isto for the past participle, which can be found in Venetic inscriptions from about 500 BC:
A peculiarity of Venetian grammar is a "semi-analytical" verbal flexion, with a compulsoryclitic subject pronoun before the verb in many sentences, echoing the subject as an ending or a weak pronoun. Independent/emphatic pronouns (e.g.ti), on the contrary, are optional. The clitic subject pronoun (te, el/ła, i/łe) is used with the 2nd and 3rd person singular, and with the 3rd person plural. This feature may have arisen as a compensation for the fact that the 2nd- and 3rd-person inflections for most verbs, which are still distinct in Italian and many other Romance languages, are identical in Venetian.
Venetian
Italian
English
Mi go
Io ho
I have
Ti ti ga
Tu hai
You have
Venetian
Italian
English
Mi so
Io sono
I am
Ti ti xe
Tu sei
You are
ThePiedmontese language also has clitic subject pronouns, but the rules are somewhat different. The function of clitics is particularly visible in long sentences, which do not always have clear intonational breaks to easily tell apart vocative and imperative in sharp commands from exclamations with "shouted indicative". For instance, in Venetian the cliticel marks the indicative verb and its masculine singular subject, otherwise there is an imperative preceded by a vocative. Although some grammars regard these clitics as "redundant", they actually provide specific additional information as they mark number and gender, thus providing number-/gender- agreement between the subject(s) and the verb, which does not necessarily show this information on its endings.
Reflexive tenses use the auxiliary verbavér ("to have"), as in English, theNorth Germanic languages, Catalan, Spanish, Romanian and Neapolitan; instead ofèssar ("to be"), which would be normal in Italian. The past participle is invariable, unlike Italian:
Some dialects of Venetian have certain sounds not present in Italian, such as the interdental voiceless fricative[θ], often spelled with⟨ç⟩,⟨z⟩,⟨zh⟩, or⟨ž⟩, and similar toEnglishth inthing andthought. This sound occurs, for example, inçéna ("supper", also writtenzhena, žena), which is pronounced the same as Castilian Spanishcena (which has the same meaning). The voiceless interdental fricative occurs in Bellunese, north-Trevisan, and in some Central Venetian rural areas around Padua, Vicenza and the mouth of theriver Po.
Because the pronunciation variant[θ] is more typical of older speakers and speakers living outside of major cities, it has come to be socially stigmatized, and most speakers now use[s] or[ts] instead of[θ]. In those dialects with the pronunciation[s], the sound has fallen together with ordinary⟨s⟩, and so it is not uncommon to simply write⟨s⟩ (or⟨ss⟩ between vowels) instead of⟨ç⟩ or⟨zh⟩ (such assena).
Similarly some dialects of Venetian also have a voiced interdental fricative[ð], often written⟨z⟩ (as inel pianze 'he cries'); but in most dialects this sound is now pronounced either as[dz] (Italianvoiced-Z), or more typically as[z] (Italianvoiced-S, written⟨x⟩, as inel pianxe); in a few dialects the sound appears as[d] and may therefore be written instead with the letter⟨d⟩, as inel piande.
Some varieties of Venetian also distinguish an ordinary[l] vs. a weakened orlenited ("evanescent")⟨l⟩, which in some orthographic norms is indicated with the letter⟨ł⟩ or⟨ƚ⟩;[39] in more conservative dialects, however,⟨l⟩ and⟨ł⟩ are merged as ordinary[l]. In those dialects that have both types, the precise phonetic realization of ⟨ł⟩ depends both on its phonological environment and on the dialect of the speaker. In Venice and its mainland as well as in most of central Veneto (excluding the peripheral provinces of Verona, Belluno and some islands of the lagoon) the realization is a non-syllabic[e̯][40] (usually described as nearly like an "e" and so often spelled as⟨e⟩), when⟨ł⟩ is adjacent (only) to back vowels (⟨a o u⟩), vs. a null realization when⟨ł⟩ is adjacent to a front vowel (⟨i e⟩).
In dialects further inland⟨ł⟩ may be realized as a partially vocalised⟨l⟩. Thus, for example,góndoła 'gondola' may sound likegóndoea[ˈɡoŋdoe̯a],góndola[ˈɡoŋdola], orgóndoa[ˈɡoŋdoa]. In dialects having a null realization of intervocalic⟨ł⟩, although pairs of words such asscóła, "school" andscóa, "broom" arehomophonous (both being pronounced[ˈskoa]), they are still distinguished orthographically.
Venetian, like Spanish, does not have thegeminate consonants characteristic of standard Italian, Tuscan, Neapolitan and other languages of southern Italy; thus Italianfette ("slices"),palla ("ball") andpenna ("pen") correspond toféte,bała, andpéna in Venetian. The masculine singular noun ending, corresponding to-o/-e in Italian, is often unpronounced in Venetian after continuants, particularly in rural varieties: Italianpieno ("full") corresponds to Venetianpien, Italianaltare to Venetianaltar. The extent to which final vowels are deleted varies by dialect: the central–southern varieties delete vowels only after/n/, whereas the northern variety deletes vowels also after dental stops and velars; the eastern and western varieties are in between these two extremes.
The velar nasal[ŋ] (the final sound in English "song") occurs frequently in Venetian. A word-final/n/ is always velarized, which is especially obvious in the pronunciation of many local Venetian surnames that end in⟨n⟩, such asMarin[maˈɾiŋ] andManin[maˈniŋ], as well as in common Venetian words such asman ([ˈmaŋ] "hand"),piron ([piˈɾoŋ] "fork"). Moreover, Venetian always uses[ŋ] in consonant clusters that start with a nasal, whereas Italian only uses[ŋ] before velar stops: e.g.[kaŋˈtaɾ] "to sing",[iŋˈvɛɾno] "winter",[ˈoŋzaɾ] "to anoint",[ɾaŋˈdʒaɾse] "to cope with".[41]
Speakers of Italian generally lack this sound and usually substitute a dental[n] for final Venetian[ŋ], changing for example[maˈniŋ] to[maˈnin] and[maˈɾiŋ] to[maˈrin].
While written Venetian looks similar to Italian, it sounds very different, with a distinct lilting cadence, almost musical. Compared to Italian, in Venetian syllabic rhythms are more evenly timed, accents are less marked, but on the other hand tonal modulation is much wider and melodic curves are more intricate. Stressed and unstressed syllables sound almost the same; there are no long vowels, and there is no consonant lengthening. Compare the Italian sentenceva laggiù con lui[val.ladˌd͡ʒuk.konˈluː.i] "go there with him" (all long/heavy syllables but final) with Venetianva là zo co lu[va.laˌzo.koˈlu] (all short/light syllables).[42]
Venetian language proverb board outside of a bar in Mestre, Veneto
As a direct descent of regional spoken Latin, Venetian lexicon derives its vocabulary substantially from Latin and (in more recent times) from Tuscan, so that most of its words are cognate with the corresponding words of Italian. Venetian includes however many words derived from other sources (such as ancient Venetic, Greek, Gothic, and German), and has preserved some Latin words not used to the same extent in Italian, resulting in many words that are not cognate with their equivalent words in Italian, such as:
Since December 2017 the Venetian language adopted a modern writing system,[43] namedGVIM (acronym forGrafia del Veneto Internazionale Moderno, i.e.Writing system for Modern International Venetian) thanks to the 2010 2nd Regionalad hoc Commission of the Regione del Veneto. TheAcademia de ła Bona Creansa – Academy of the Venetian Language,[citation needed] an NGO accredited according to the UNESCO 2003 Convention for the Venetian language and culture[44][45] had already worked, tested, applied and certified a full writing system (presented in a scientific publication in linguistics[46] in 2016), known with theDECA acronym (Drio El Costumar de l'Academia, i.e. literallyAccording to the Use of the Academia).
TheDECA writing system has been officialized by theVeneto Region under the nameGrafia Veneta Internazionale Moderna, by unanimous vote of theCommissione Grafia e Toponomastica (i.e.Script and Topononymy Committee)[47] of the Venetian language on December 14, 2017, and available atportal of the Venetian Regional Council dedicated to the Venetian language.The same writing system was then employed for the first grammar of the Venetian language to be published by a university, in Brasil, in 2018.[48]
TheDECA, thenGVIM, had already been used in a trilingual document approved by theVeneto Regional Council (Aprile 2016) in Italian, Venetian, and English.[49]
Venetian currently has anofficial writing system. Traditionally it is written using theLatin script—sometimes with certain additional letters or diacritics. The basis for some of these conventions can be traced to Old Venetian, while others are modern innovations.
Medieval texts, written in Old Venetian, include the letters⟨x⟩,⟨ç⟩ and⟨z⟩ to represent sounds that do not exist or have a different distribution in Italian. Specifically:
The letter⟨x⟩ was often employed in words that nowadays have a voiced/z/-sound (compare Englishxylophone); for instance⟨x⟩ appears in words such asraxon,Croxe,caxa ("reason", "(holy) Cross" and "house"). The precise phonetic value of⟨x⟩ in Old Venetian texts remains unknown, however.
The letter⟨z⟩ often appeared in words that nowadays have a varying voiced pronunciation ranging from/z/ to/dz/ or/ð/ or even to/d/; even in contemporary spellingzo "down" may represent any of/zo,dzo,ðo/ or even/do/, depending on the dialect; similarlyzovena "young woman" could be any of/ˈzovena/,/ˈdzovena/ or/ˈðovena/, andzero "zero" could be/ˈzɛro/,/ˈdzɛro/ or/ˈðɛro/.
Likewise,⟨ç⟩ was written for a voiceless sound which now varies, depending on the dialect spoken, from/s/ to/ts/ to/θ/, as in for exampledolçe "sweet", now/ˈdolse~ˈdoltse~ˈdolθe/,dolçeça "sweetness", now/dolˈsesa~dolˈtsetsa~dolˈθeθa/, orsperança "hope", now/speˈransa~speˈrantsa~speˈranθa/.
The usage of letters in medieval and early modern texts was not, however, entirely consistent. In particular, as in other northern Italian languages, the letters⟨z⟩ and⟨ç⟩ were often used interchangeably for both voiced and voiceless sounds. Differences between earlier and modern pronunciation, divergences in pronunciation within the modern Venetian-speaking region, differing attitudes about how closely to model spelling on Italian norms, as well as personal preferences, some of which reflect sub-regional identities, have all hindered the adoption of a single unified spelling system.[50]
Nevertheless, in practice, most spelling conventions are the same as in Italian. In some early modern texts letter⟨x⟩ becomes limited to word-initial position, as inxe ("is"), where its use was unavoidable because Italian spelling cannot represent/z/ there. In between vowels, the distinction between/s/ and/z/ was ordinarily indicated by doubled⟨ss⟩ for the former and single⟨s⟩ for the latter. For example,basa was used to represent/ˈbaza/ ("he/she kisses"), whereasbassa represented/ˈbasa/ ("low"). (Before consonants there is no contrast between/s/ and/z/, as in Italian, so a single⟨s⟩ is always used in this circumstance, it being understood that the⟨s⟩ will agree in voicing with the following consonant. For example,⟨st⟩ represents only/st/, but⟨sn⟩ represents/zn/.)
Traditionally the letter⟨z⟩ was ambiguous, having the same values as in Italian (both voiced and voiceless affricates/dz/ and/ts/). Nevertheless, in some books the two pronunciations are sometimes distinguished (in between vowels at least) by using doubled⟨zz⟩ to indicate/ts/ (or in some dialects/θ/) but a single⟨z⟩ for/dz/ (or/ð/,/d/).
In more recent practice the use of⟨x⟩ to represent/z/, both in word-initial as well as in intervocalic contexts, has become increasingly common, but no entirely uniform convention has emerged for the representation of the voiced vs. voiceless affricates (or interdental fricatives), although a return to using⟨ç⟩ and⟨z⟩ remains an option under consideration.
Regarding the spelling of the vowel sounds, because in Venetian, as in Italian, there is no contrast between tense and lax vowels in unstressed syllables, the orthographic grave and acute accents can be used to mark both stress and vowel quality at the same time:à/a/,á/ɐ/,è/ɛ/,é/e/,í/i/,ò/ɔ/,ó/o/,ú/u/. Different orthographic norms prescribe slightly different rules for when stressed vowels must be written with accents or may be left unmarked, and no single system has been accepted by all speakers.
Venetian allows theconsonant cluster/stʃ/ (not present in Italian), which is sometimes written⟨s-c⟩ or⟨s'c⟩ beforei ore, and⟨s-ci⟩ or⟨s'ci⟩ before other vowels. Examples includes-ciarir (Italianschiarire, "to clear up"),s-cèt (schietto, "plain clear"),s-ciòp (schioppo, "gun") ands-ciao (schiavo, "[your] servant",ciao, "hello", "goodbye"). The hyphen or apostrophe is used because the combination⟨sc(i)⟩ is conventionally used for the/ʃ/ sound, as in Italian spelling; e.g.scèmo (scemo, "stupid"); whereas⟨sc⟩ beforea,o andu represents/sk/:scàtoła (scatola, "box"),scóndar (nascondere, "to hide"),scusàr (scusare, "to forgive").
Recently there have been attempts to standardize and simplify the script by reusing older letters, e.g. by using⟨x⟩ for[z] and a single⟨s⟩ for[s]; then one would writebaxa for[ˈbaza] ("[third person singular] kisses") andbasa for[ˈbasa] ("low"). Some authors have continued or resumed the use of⟨ç⟩, but only when the resulting word is not too different from the Italian orthography: in modern Venetian writings, it is then easier to find words asçima andçento, rather thanforça andsperança, even though all these four words display the same phonological variation in the position marked by the letter⟨ç⟩. Another recent convention is to use⟨ƚ⟩ (in place of older⟨ł⟩ ) for the "soft"l, to allow a more unified orthography for all variants of the language. However, in spite of their theoretical advantages, these proposals have not been very successful outside of academic circles, because of regional variations in pronunciation and incompatibility with existing literature.
More recently, on December 14, 2017, the Modern International Manual of Venetian Spelling was approved by the new Commission for Spelling of 2010. It was translated into three languages (Italian, Venetian and English) and it exemplifies and explains every single letter and every sound of the Venetian language. The graphic accentuation and punctuation systems are added as corollaries. Overall, the system was greatly simplified from previous ones to allow both Italian and foreign speakers to learn and understand the Venetian spelling and alphabet in a more straightforward way.[51]
TheVenetian speakers ofChipilo use a system based onSpanish orthography, even though it does not contain letters for[j] and[θ]. The American linguist Carolyn McKay proposed a writing system for that variant based entirely on theItalian alphabet. However, the system was not very popular.
The following sample, in the old dialect of Padua, comes from a play by Ruzante (Angelo Beolco), titledParlamento de Ruzante che iera vegnù de campo ("Dialogue of Ruzante who came from the battlefield", 1529). The character, a peasant returning home from the war, is expressing to his friend Menato his relief at being still alive:
Orbéntena, el no serae mal star in campo per sto robare, se 'l no foesse che el se ha pur de gran paure. Càncaro ala roba! A' son chialò mi, ala segura, e squase che no a' no cherzo esserghe gnan. ... Se mi mo' no foesse mi? E che a foesse stò amazò in campo? E che a foesse el me spirito? Lo sarae ben bela. No, càncaro, spiriti no magna.
Translation:
Really, it would not be that bad to be in the battlefield looting, were it not that one gets also big scares. Damn the loot! I am right here, in safety, and almost can't believe I am. ... And if I were not me? And if I had been killed in battle? And if I were my ghost? That would be just great. No, damn, ghosts don't eat.
The following sample is taken from thePerasto Speech (Discorso de Perasto), given on August 23, 1797, atPerasto, by Venetian CaptainGiuseppe Viscovich, at the last lowering of the flag of the Venetian Republic (nicknamed the "Republic ofSaint Mark").
Par trezentosetantasete ani le nostre sostanse, el nostro sangue, le nostre vite le xè sempre stàe par Ti, S. Marco; e fedelisimi senpre se gavemo reputà, Ti co nu, nu co Ti, e sempre co Ti sul mar semo stài lustri e virtuosi. Nisun co Ti ne gà visto scanpar, nisun co Ti ne gà visto vinti e spaurosi!
Translation:
For three hundred and seventy seven years our bodies, our blood our lives have always been for You, St. Mark; and very faithful we have always thought ourselves, You with us, we with You, And always with You on the sea we have been illustrious and virtuous. No one has seen us with You flee, No one has seen us with You defeated and fearful!
Sti cantori vèci da na volta, co i cioéa su le profezie, in mezo al coro, davanti al restèl, co'a ose i 'ndéa a cior volta no so 'ndove e ghe voéa un bèl tóc prima che i tornésse in qua e che i rivésse in cao, màssima se i jèra pareciàdi onti co mezo litro de quel bon tant par farse coràjo.
Translation:
These old singers of the past, when they picked up the Prophecies, in the middle of the choir, in front of the twelve-branched candelabrum, with their voice they went off who knows where, and it was a long time before they came back and landed on the ground, especially if they had been previously 'oiled' with half a litre of the good one [wine] just to make courage.
Due to the diacritic letter Ł being present in few languages besides Polish and Venetian, the latter of which does not have any official recognition by software producers likeMicrosoft andApple, the Polish magazine KomputerSwiat noted that the Venice region has the highest usage of Polish keyboard settings outside ofPoland on iPhones andWindows,[54][failed verification] although the same article found in an unrepresentative sample that when needing the letter without the keyboard, some Venetians google thePolish złoty or the exchange rate in order to copy-paste the letter.
Many words were exported to English, either directly or via Italian or French.[55] The list below shows some examples of imported words, with the date of first appearance in English according to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
through French; a quarantine station for maritime travellers, ultimately from the BiblicalLazarus of Bethany, who was raised from the dead; the first one was on the island of Lazareto Vechio in Venice[citation needed]
ultimately from the nameμονοβασίαMonemvasia, a small Greek island off the Peloponnese once owned by the Venetian Republic and a source of strong, sweet white wine from Greece and the eastern Mediterranean
from the name for the porcelain container in which marzipan was transported, from Arabicمَرْطَبَانmarṭabān, or fromMataban in theBay of Bengal where these were made (these are some of several proposed etymologies for the English word)
^abcFifth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names: Vol.2. Montreal:United Nations. 1991.
^abcHolmes, Douglas R. (1989).Cultural disenchantments: worker peasantries in northeast Italy.Princeton University Press.
^abMinahan, James (1998).Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states. Westport: Greenwood.
^abKalsbeek, Janneke (1998).The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria. Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. Vol. 25. Atlanta.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Tonial, Honório (26 June 2009)."Subsídios para o reconhecimento do Talian" [Subsidies for the recognition of Talian].Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (IPOL) (in Portuguese). Archived fromthe original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved21 August 2011.
^Boerio, Giuseppe[in Venetian] (1856).Dizionario del dialetto veneziano [Dictionary of the Venetian dialect]. Venezia: Giovanni Cecchini.
^Contarini, Pietro (1850).Dizionario tascabile delle voci e frasi particolari del dialetto veneziano [Pocket dictionary of the voices and particular phrases of the Venetian dialect]. Venezia: Giovanni Cecchini.
^Nazari, Giulio (1876).Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano e regole di grammatica [Venetian-Italian dictionary and grammar rules]. Belluno: Arnaldo Forni.
^Piccio, Giuseppe (1928).Dizionario Veneziano-Italiano [Venetian-Italian dictionary]. Venezia: Libreria Emiliana.
^Renzi, Lorenzo (1994).Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 176.I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze ... Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone) ... Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.
^Zamboni, Alberto (1975). Cortelazzo, Manlio (ed.).Veneto [Venetian language]. Profilo dei dialetti italiani (in Italian). Vol. 5. Pisa: Pacini. p. 12.b) n a s a l i: esistono, come nello 'standard', 3 fonemi, /m/, /n/, /ń/, immediatamente identificabili da /mása/ 'troppo' ~ /nása/ 'nasca'; /manáse/ 'manacce' ~ /mańáse/ 'mangiasse', ecc., come, rispettivamente, bilabiale, apicodentale, palatale; per quanto riguarda gli allòfoni e la loro distribuzione, è da notare [ṅ] dorsovelare, cfr. [áṅka] 'anche', e, regolarmente in posizione finale: [parọ́ṅ] 'padrone', [britoíṅ] 'temperino': come questa, è caratteristica v e n e t a la realizzazione velare anche davanti a cons. d'altro tipo, cfr. [kaṅtár], it. [kantáre]; [iṅvę́rno], it. [iɱvę́rno]; [ọ́ṅʃar] 'ungere', [raṅǧárse], it. [arrańǧársi], ecc.
^Mocellin, Alessandro; Klein, Horst G.; Stegmann, Tilbert D. (2016).EuroComRom: I sete tamizi. Ła ciave par capir tute łe łengue romanse (in Venetian). Aachen, DE: Shaker Verlag. p. 265.ISBN978-3-8440-4535-2.
Guzzo, Natália Brambatti (2022). "Brazilian Veneto (Talian)". Illustrations of the IPA.Journal of the International Phonetic Association:1–15.doi:10.1017/S002510032200010X, with supplementary sound recordings.
^Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.
