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| Vembanad Lake | |
|---|---|
| വേമ്പനാട്ട് കായല് (Malayalam) | |
 Vembanad Lake | |
  Vembanad Lake | |
| Coordinates | 9°51′N76°21′E / 9.850°N 76.350°E /9.850; 76.350 |
| Primary inflows | Achenkovil,Manimala,Meenachil,Muvattupuzha,Pamba,Periyar |
| Primary outflows | several canals |
| Basin countries | India |
| Max. length | 96.5 km (60.0 mi) |
| Max. width | 14 km (8.7 mi) |
| Surface area | 230 km2 (89 sq mi) |
| Max. depth | 12 m (39 ft) |
| Surface elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Islands | Pathiramanal,Perumbalam,Pallippuram,Kumbalangi |
| Settlements | Kottayam,Alleppey,Cochin,Cherthala |
| Official name | Vembanad-Kol Wetland |
| Designated | 19 August 2002 |
Vembanad (Malayalam:[ʋeːmbɐnaːɖə̆]) is the longest lake in India,[1] as well as the largest in the state ofKerala. The lake has an area of 230 square kilometers and a maximum length of 89.5 km.[2]
Spanning three districts in the state of Kerala, it is known asVembanad Lake inKottayam,Vaikom,Changanassery,Punnamada Lake inAlappuzha,Punnappra,Kuttanadu andKochi Lake inKochi. Several groups of small islands includingVypin,Mulavukad,Maradu,Udayamperoor,Vallarpadam, andWillingdon Island are located in the Kochi Lake portion.Kochi Port is built aroundWillingdon Island andVallarpadam island.
Kuttanad, also known asThe Rice Bowl of Kerala, has thelowest altitude in India, and is also one of the few places in world where cultivation takes place below sea level.[3][4] Kuttanad lies on the southern portion of Vembanad. TheNehru Trophy Boat Race is conducted in a portion of the lake. High levels of pollution have been noticed at certain hotspots of the Vembanad backwaters. TheGovernment of India has identified the Vembanad wetland under the National Wetlands Conservation Programme.
The Vembanad lake is 96.5 km long, making it the longest lake in India. The area of Vembanad backwater shrunk from 230 km2 in 1968 to 179.25 km2 as of 1983.[5] The lake is bordered byAlappuzha,Kottayam, andErnakulam districts. It is situated at sea level, and is separated from theLaccadive Sea by a narrowbarrier island. Canals link the lake to other coastal lakes in the north and south. The lake surrounds the islands ofPathiramanal,Perumbalam andPallippuram. The Vembanad Lake is approximately 14 kilometers wide at its widest point.
The lake is a part of the Vembanad-Kol wetland system which extends from Alappuzha in the south to Azheekkode in the north, making it by far India's longest lake at just over 96.5 km in length. The lake is fed by 10 rivers flowing into it including the six major rivers of central Kerala namely theAchenkovil,Manimala,Meenachil river,Muvattupuzha river,Pamba andPeriyar. The total area drained by the lake is 15,770 km2,[6] which accounts for 40% of the area of Kerala. Its annualsurface runoff of 21,900 Mm accounts for almost 30% of the total surface water resource of the state.
The most popular location on the shores of the lake is the Kumarakom Tourist Village situated on the east coast of the lake.[7] TheKumarakom Bird Sanctuary is located on the northern fringes of Kumarakom village. The Vembanad Wetland system was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands in 2002. It is the largest of the three Ramsar Sites in the state of Kerala. Vembanad Lake has been heavily reclaimed over the course of the past century with the water spread area reducing from 290.85 km2 in 1917 to 227 km2 in 1971 and 213.28 km2 in 1990. In the same period almost 63.62 km of erstwhile water spread were reclaimed primarily for the formation of polders and to enlarge the extent of the Wellington island of Cochin port. The lake faces a major ecological crisis and has reduced to 37 percent of its original area, as a result of land reclamation.
A unique characteristic of the lake is the 1,252 metres (4,108 ft)-longThanneermukkom salt water barrier constructed as a part of the Kuttanad Development Scheme to prevent tidal action and intrusion of salt water into the Kuttanad low-lands. It is the largest mud regulator in India and essentially divides the lake into two parts – one with perennial brackish water and the other with fresh water from rivers draining into the lake. This barrier has helped farmers in Kuttanad by freeing the area of salinity and allowing them an additional crop in the dry season.
The Thanneermukkom barrier is located at one of the narrower parts of the Vembanad Lake. Only two-thirds of the original number of gates are opened in July to release flood flow. These gates remain closed until mid-November. The main drawback of the structure has been the loss of opportunity for fish and prawns to migrate upstream, and also an increase in weed growth in the upstream, severely restricting the natural flushing of pollutants. The Thanneermukkom bund has created ecological problems, primarily, the rampant propagation of thewater hyacinth in fresh water.[citation needed]
The lake has become a major tourist attraction. A generally safe destination, this place had just one incident of tourist harassment in 2004 as reported inThe Times of India.[8]
Vembanad Lake is at the heart ofKerala Backwaters tourism with hundreds of houseboats (kettuvallams inMalayalam) plied on it and numerous resorts on its banks.
TheKumarakom Bird Sanctuary is located on the east coast of the lake.
During the months of August and September, the rivers in and near Kottayam turn into activity and attraction centers due to these boat races,[9] a Kerala Tradition. Snake boat races - the lakes and rivers come alive during Onam with this water sport. It's a sight to watch oarsmen (about a hundred in one boat), slice their way through the backwaters.[10]
The lake has a small island calledPathiramanal, which can be accessed only via a boat. Other major attraction is the island ofKakkathuruth.
The Vembanad Wetland system has formed an intricate network ofestuaries, lagoons and canals which spans over 196 km in the north–south and 29 km in the east–west directions. Almost all villages in these areas can be accessed via water transport. The major rivers of Muvattupuzha, Meenachil, Pamba and Achencovil rivers, are all navigable up to distances of about 30 km upstream in the tidal reach. The Kottappuram–Kollam segment of the west coast canal system has a major chunk passing through the Vembanad Lake and spans a total of 209 km. It has been declared as a National Waterway.
Vembanad Kol Wetland was included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by theRamsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization ofwetlands.[11] It is home to more than 20,000 waterfowls – the third largest such population in India. It is also an ideal habitat for shrimp.[12]
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