| Vandenberg Space Force Base | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santa Barbara County, California in United States | |||||||
 ADelta IV Heavy rocket lifts off fromSpace Launch Complex 6 in 2013 | |||||||
 | |||||||
  Vandenberg  Vandenberg  Vandenberg | |||||||
| Coordinates | 34°45′05″N120°31′13″W / 34.751330°N 120.52023°W /34.751330; -120.52023 | ||||||
| Type | U.S. Space Force Base | ||||||
| Site information | |||||||
| Owner | Department of Defense | ||||||
| Operator | United States Space Force | ||||||
| Controlled by | Space Launch Delta 30 | ||||||
| Condition | Operational | ||||||
| Website | vandenberg.spaceforce.mil | ||||||
| Site history | |||||||
| Built | 1941–1942 (as Camp Cooke) | ||||||
| In use | 1941–present | ||||||
| Garrison information | |||||||
| Current commander | Col Mark Shoemaker[1] | ||||||
| Airfield information | |||||||
| Identifiers | IATA: VBG,ICAO: KVBG,FAA LID: VBG,WMO: 723930 | ||||||
| Elevation | 112.1 m (368 ft)AMSL | ||||||
| |||||||
| Source:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)[2] | |||||||
| Part ofa series on the |
| United States space program |
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National security space |
Vandenberg Space Force Base (IATA:VBG,ICAO:KVBG,FAALID:VBG), previouslyVandenberg Air Force Base, is aUnited States Space Force Base inSanta Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from theWestern Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force'sSpace Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air basewing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such asNASA andSpaceX.
In 1941, just before the United States would enter World War II, theUnited States Army embarked on an initiative to acquire lands in the United States to be used to train infantry and armored forces. These areas needed to be of a varied nature to ensure relevant training. In March 1941, the Army identified approximately 86,000 acres (35,000 ha) of open ranch lands along theCentral Coast of California betweenLompoc andSanta Maria. With its flat plateau, surrounding hills, numerous canyons, and relative remoteness from populated areas, the Army was convinced this portion of theGaviota Coast was an ideal training location. The government purchased most of the land, however, some smaller parcels were obtained either by lease, license, or as easements.[3] The land was previously part of six ranchos:Casmalia,Guadalupe,Mission de la Purisima,Rancho Lompoc andRancho Todos Santos y San Antonio, andJesús María.[4]
Construction of the Army camp began in September 1941. Although unfinished, the camp was activated on 5 October and namedCamp Cooke in honor ofPhillip St. George Cooke, a cavalry officer with a distinguished career spanning theMexican War,Indian Wars, theCivil War.[3]
Troop training didn't wait for construction to finish. The5th Armored Division was the first to arrive in February and March 1942. Throughout the war, Camp Cooke served as a training ground for numerous armored and infantry divisions before their deployment overseas. Additionally, anti-aircraft artillery, combat engineer, ordnance, and hospital units trained at Cooke. In total, over 400 groups passed through the camp.[3]
As the war progressed, Camp Cooke was used to house German and Italianprisoners of war. Following theGeneva Convention, the groups were kept separate and assigned various jobs within the camp, including construction, clerical work, food service, and laundry. To address wartime labor shortages, German prisoners also participated in agricultural work in nearby communities.[3][5]
After the war's conclusion in 1946, Camp Cooke became home to a maximum-securitymilitary prison, while most of the land was largely leased for agriculture and grazing. From 1950 to 1953, Camp Cooke served again as a training ground for units heading to theKorean War. In 1953, the camp was inactivated, and the military prison became afederal prison for civilians, now known as theUnited States Penitentiary, Lompoc.[3]
The final remaining buildings from Camp Cooke were demolished in 2010.[3]
World War II
Korean War
As the 1950s ushered in the age ofmissiles, and the United States urgently needed a training ground that could also serve as an initial combat ready missile base. In 1956, after examining over 200 potential locations, a committee selected Camp Cooke. Similar to its appeal in 1941 for the Army, Camp Cooke's vast size, remoteness, moderate climate, and coastal location made it ideal. Missiles could be launched westward over thePacific Ocean without flying over populated areas, and satellites could be placed intopolar orbit towards theSouth Pole without traversing any landmass until reachingAntarctica.[3]
Following the committee's recommendation, on 16 November 1956, the Secretary of Defense directed the Army to transfer 64,000 acres (26,000 ha) to theUnited States Air Force. This land was initially calledNorth Camp Cooke, but when the official transfer happened on 21 June 1957 it was namedCooke Air Force Base.
The first airmen of the 6591st Support Squadron arrived on 15 February, before the official transfer, and found the base in rough shape. World War II-era buildings were dilapidated, and roads needed extensive repair. Over the next two years, launch and control facilities emerged, old structures were renovated, and new housing was built. The initial mission of the base was to train personnel on thePGM-17 Thor,SM-65 Atlas, andHGM-25A Titan I missiles, while also serving as an emergency operational facility for the Atlas.[3][7]
The 1957 launch ofSputnik by the Soviet Unionintensified the urgency of the U.S. missile program. In November, the Department of Defense authorized ballistic missile launches from Cooke AFB. Management responsibility shifted from theAir Research and Development Command (ARDC) to theStrategic Air Command (SAC) in January 1958. SAC assumed responsibility for training missile launch crews and achieving initial operational capability. ARDC retained oversight of site activation, research, and development testing. This began a close working relationship between the two commands that would last 35 years.[3]
In February 1958, thePGM-19 Jupiter program was transferred from the Army to the Air Force. SAC established squadrons for both the Jupiter and Atlas missiles at Cooke. Construction also began on the Operational System Test Facility for the Titan I. The first Thor arrived later that year.[3][7]
The southern 19,800 acres (8,000 ha) of Cooke AFB was transferred to the Navy in May 1958 for their Pacific Missile Range. However, in 1963, a restructuring returned major sections of this range, includingPoint Arguello, to the Air Force. This move gave the Air Force full responsibility for missile range safety at Vandenberg and much of the Pacific Ocean. The Air Force renamed the area theWestern Range.[3]
The facility was renamedVandenberg Air Force Base on 4 October 1958 in honor of GeneralHoyt Vandenberg, the Air Force's second Chief of Staff.[3]
The final acquisition of 15,000 acres (6,100 ha) of land for the base occurred in 1966 to accommodate the construction ofSpace Launch Complex 6 for theManned Orbiting Laboratory program. With the annexation, the base reached its final size, 99,099 acres (40,104 ha).
The transition from U.S. Army camp to missile base solidified on 15 December 1958 when Vandenberg AFB successfully launched its first missile, a PGM-17 Thor IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile). The launch from Vandenberg inaugurated the intermediate-range ballistic missile portion of thePacific Missile Range and was fired by a crew from the1st Missile Division. The first successful launch of a Thor IRBM by aRoyal Air Force crew took place at Vandenberg AFB on 16 April 1959. The launch was part of integrated weapon system training. In October 1959, the first combat training launch of a Thor IRBM by a Royal Air Force crew was successful.
On 22 April 1960, the fourth and final British-based Thor IRBM squadron was turned over to the Royal Air Force by the Strategic Air Command, thus completing thedeployment of this weapon system in theUnited Kingdom. The next month, the first missile to be removed from an operational unit and sent to Vandenberg AFB for confidence firing arrived from a Thor IRBM squadron (No. 98 Squadron RAF) in the United Kingdom. Confidence firing was the predecessor of SAC's operational test program.[3][7]
On 16 October 1958, the first Atlas ICBM launcher (576A-1) constructed at Vandenberg AFB, California, was accepted from the contractor by the 1st Missile Division. The first intercontinental ballistic missile, theSM-65D AtlasICBM, was delivered and was accepted by SAC's576th Strategic Missile Squadron on 18 February 1959. The firstAtlas-D flew on 9 September 1959, and following the successful launch, General Thomas S. Power, CINCSAC, declared the Atlas ICBM to be operational. The following month, equipped with a nuclear warhead, the Atlas at Vandenberg became the first ICBM to be placed on alert in the United States. It was an SM-69D Atlas ICBM (AFSN 58-2190) on launcher 576A-1. In April 1960, the first attempted launch of a Series D Atlas ICBM from a coffin-type launcher (576B-2) was successful. This launcher was the prototype of the ones to be used at the first operational Atlas squadron, the 564th Strategic Missile Squadron,Francis E. Warren Air Force Base,Wyoming. Following this successful launch, Major General David Wade, Commander of the1st Missile Division, declared the coffin-type launcher to be operational.[7]
In July 1959, construction began on the first Series E Atlas ICBM coffin-type launcher (Atlas operational system test facility #1). On 28 February 1962, the first successful launch of theSM-65E Atlas took place. Construction began on the firstSM-65F Atlas ICBM "silo-lift" launcher (Atlas operational system test facility #2) in November 1962. The first Atlas F arrived in June 1961 and the first operationally configured Series F Atlas was successfully launched on 1 August 1962.[7]
During its testing phase, Vandenberg would operate two Atlas-D launch complexes; two Atlas-E, and three Atlas-F silos.[8] The Atlas-Ds were taken off alert at the 576th Strategic Missile Squadron (Complex 576B) in May 1964 as part of the phaseout of the Atlas from active ICBM service. The last Atlas F test launch was on 18 January 1965, and the 576th Strategic Missile Squadron was inactivated on 2 April 1966. The 576th SMS carried out 53 Atlas-D, 7 Atlas-E and 7 Atlas-F test launches between 1959 and 1965.[7]
The Atlas would remain in use as a launch vehicle for satellites from Vandenberg as a space booster configured with anRM-81 Agena upper-stage rocket and theAtlas-Agena would launch many different types of satellites into orbit until its phaseout in the late 1980s.[3]
TheHGM-25A Titan I was the United States' first multistage ICBM. When designed and manufactured, the Titan I provided an additional nuclear deterrent to complement the U.S. Air Force's SM-65 Atlas missile. It was the first in a series of Titan rockets, and was an important step in building the Air Force's strategic nuclear forces.
In July 1958, construction began on the Titan I ICBM Operational System Test Facility (OSTF). This was the prototype of the hardened Titan I launch control facility at its operational sites. It consisted of one silo-lift launcher, blockhouse, and associated equipment. Designated "OSTF-8", the facility was destroyed on 3 December 1960 when the launcher elevator failed while lowering a fully fueled missile back into the silo. There were no injuries. This was the first silo accident at Vandenberg.[7]
The first "silo-lift" launch of the Titan I was successful in September 1961, and the first SAC launch of the ICBM was successful in January 1962. As a result, the Titan I ICBM launch complex (395-A1/A2/A3) at Vandenberg was turned over to theStrategic Air Command395th Strategic Missile Squadron to perform test launches of the missile.[7]
However, the operational lifetime of the Titan I was short, asSecretary of Defense McNamara announced in November 1964 that all remaining first-generation ICBMs (Series E and F Atlas and Titan I) would be phased out (Project Added Effort) by the end of June 1965.[7]
On 5 March 1965, the last test launch of a Titan I ICBM conducted by the Strategic Air Command at Vandenberg was successful. The 395th SMS performed 19 test launches between 1963 and 1965 before moving on to exclusively Titan II testing. During the 1980s, some Titan I second stages were used as targets for earlyStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI) testing.[7]
TheLGM-25C Titan II ICBM was a second-generation ICBM with storable propellants, all inertial guidance, and in-silo launch capability. Construction of the first Titan II site began in 1962, and eventually Vandenberg operated four Titan II launch complexes.[9][7]
Most of the testing of the missile was done atCape Kennedy Air Force Station, Florida by the6555th Aerospace Test Group, and the first successful underground silo launch of a Titan II ICBM took place at Vandenberg by the 395th SMS in April 1963. The first fully operational test took place in March 1965.[7]
On 25 March 1966, the 200th SAC missile launched from Vandenberg AFB, California was a Titan II. The operational testing of the Titan II continued until 1985.[7] Like its predecessor the Atlas ICBM, theTitan II GLV a derivative of that missile was used to launchProject Gemini spacecraft and theTitan 23G was used as a space booster to launch satellites. The final launch of a Titan II was made in 2003 when the last Titan IIG was expended.[3]
The advent of solid-propellant gave the three-stageLGM-30 Minuteman ICBM a major advantage over earlier liquid propellant ICBMs. In February 1961, the construction began on Minuteman ICBM test launch facilities at Vandenberg. Silos 394A-1 through A-7 were the first constructed for use by the SAC394th Strategic Missile Squadron.[10][3][7]
LGM-30A Minuteman IA flight tests began in September 1962. The first Minuteman IB test took place in May 1963. On 24 February 1966, the first attempted salvo (simultaneous) launch of two model "A" Minuteman I ICBMs from Vandenberg silos LF-04 (394A-3) and LF-06 (394-A5) was successful. This launch demonstrated the multiple countdown and launch techniques that would be used at operational bases under actual combat conditions. Minuteman I testing continued until 1968.[10][7]
LGM-30F Minuteman II testing began in August 1965 with the first launch conducted by Air Force Systems Command, was successful. The missile flew 5,000 mi (8,000 km) down the Pacific Missile Range and its reentry vehicle impacted in the target area.[7]
On 22 October 1970, the first attempted OT GT70F (Salvo) operational test launch (simultaneous) launch of two Minuteman II ICBMs was successful from LF-25 and LF-26. The last Minuteman II phase I operational test was performed in April 1972.[7][11]
The firstLGM-30G Minuteman III phase II operational test was launched on 5 December 1972 from the LF-02 silo. The ICBM flew 800 mi (1,300 km) downrange before impacting in the Pacific Ocean. This was the beginning of Minuteman III launches which continue to this day from Vandenberg.[7]
In July 1974, the initial training of Minuteman missile combat crews, formerly performed by Air Training Command (ATC) instructors at Vandenberg AFB, California, was incorporated into the 4315th Combat Crew Training Squadron's Operational Readiness Training (ORT) program at Vandenberg. As a result of this action, the entire Minuteman missile combat training, from beginning (initial training) to end (upgrade training) became the responsibility ofStrategic Air Command.[7]
SAC launched two Minuteman III ICBMs from Vandenberg AFB during exercise Global Shield, a comprehensive exercise of SAC's nuclear forces on 10 July 1979 from LF 08 and LF 09. One of these Global Shield missions, Glory Trip 40 GM, was the last Minuteman III phase I operational test flight. The missiles were launched 12 seconds apart by a SAC task force from the90th Strategic Missile Wing,Francis E. Warren Air Force Base,Wyoming.[7]
Glory Trip 77GM, a Minuteman III Operational Test in September 1980, became the longest Minuteman flight test when its payload impacted a broad ocean area target over 5,600 nmi (10,400 km) downrange.[7]
The last ICBM tested from Vandenberg was theLGM-118 Peacekeeper (MX) ICBM beginning in June 1983. In addition to having a longer range than earlier ICBMs, the Peacekeeper could deliver up to 10 reentry vehicles to separate targets.[3] It was intended as a replacement for theLGM-30 Minuteman, but it suffered from a long development time, and was retired in 2005 before the Minuteman because of arms reduction treaties.
The first Peacekeeper ICBM was launched by Air Force Systems Command from an aboveground canister-type launch facility from Launch Complex TP-01 on 17 June 1983. This was the first "cold launch" of a missile at Vandenberg AFB, the missile reaching 600 mi (970 km) downrange. Two more test launches were conducted in 1983 from Launch Complex TP-01.[7][12]
The first Peacekeeper with a Mark-21 test reentry vehicle was flight-tested from TP-01 on 15 June 1984. The Mark-21 resembled the reentry vehicle intended for the Peacekeeper weapon system. Two more test launches were conducted in 1984, the missile from TP-01. Air Force Systems Command conducted the final Peacekeeper launch from the aboveground TP-01 launch pad on 30 June 1985.[7][12]
The first silo launch from LF-05 took place on 24 August 1985 from LF-08. LF-02 began to be used in 1986 for additional launches. On 23 August 1986 the first launch of a completely operational hardware configured missile and launch facility, and also the first Peacekeeper launch by a SAC combat crew under the control of Air Force Systems Command took place from silo LF-02.[7][12]
A new Peacekeeper Missile Procedures Trainer was dedicated in March 1987. The US$17 million facility featured a state-of-the-art computer based simulator which would be used to train and evaluate missile crew members. The first LGM-118 Peacekeepers were deployed toFrancis E. Warren Air Force Base inWyoming that year.[7][12] LGM-118 Peacekeeper test launches continued from Vandenberg with a third silo, LF-05 becoming operational in March 1990. The final launch of a LGM-118 Peacekeeper 33PA took place on 21 July 2004 before the missile was retired from service.[7][12]
The latest missile deployed at Vandenberg in 2005 is theGround-based Interceptor (GBI) missile suborbital booster for the U.S.Missile Defense Agency's Ground-based Midcourse Defense system'sEKV ballistic missile kill vehicle. It is part of aNational missile defense system advocated by PresidentGeorge W. Bush. The OBV is under development byOrbital Sciences; for every interceptor missile there is a missile silo and a Silo Interface Vault (SIV), which is an underground electronics room adjacent to the silo.[3] The basic OBV consists of the upper three stages and guidance system from theTaurus orbital launch vehicle (essentially a winglessPegasus-XL). The developmental OBV is launched from an open pad; the operational version is to be silo-launched.[13]
The first test firing of the OVB took place from former Atlas-F pad 576-E on 6 February 2003. Launch silo LF-23 is used for ongoing silo testing, with target missiles consisting of surplus inert Minuteman ICBM second and third stages being launched from theKwajalein Meck launch site in thePacific Range.[13][14]
The world's first polar orbit satellite,Discoverer 1, launched from Vandenberg on 28 February 1959. The launch vehicle for this mission consisted of aThor-Agena combination.[3] The Discoverer series of satellites provided other significant firsts for Vandenberg. For instance, in August 1960, the data capsule was ejected fromDiscoverer XIII in orbit and recovered from thePacific Ocean to become the first man-made object ever retrieved from space. A week later, on 19 August 1960, the descending capsule fromDiscoverer XIV was snared by an aircraft in flight for the first air recovery in history.[3] Shrouded in a cover story of scientific research, Discoverer was actually the cover name for CORONA, America's first photo reconnaissance satellite program. The publicized Discoverer series came to an end on 13 January 1962 after 38 launches (or launch attempts).[3]
Over the years, satellites of every description and purpose, including international satellites, were placed in orbit from Vandenberg by a widening variety of boosters. Among the parade of newer space boosters are theTitan IV (March 1991),Taurus (March 1994),Pegasus (April 1995),Delta II (February 1996),Atlas IIAS (December 1999),Minotaur (2000), and beginning in late 2005, theFalcon 1, theDelta IV, andAtlas V vehicles.[3]
The most ambitious Air Force endeavors at Vandenberg were theManned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) and the Space Shuttle programs. The MOL vehicle consisted of aTitan III booster carrying a modifiedGemini space capsule (Gemini B) attached to a space laboratory. Construction work for MOL began at Space Launch Complex-6 (SLC-6) on South Vandenberg in March 1966. PresidentRichard Nixon canceled the estimated US$3 billion program in June 1969, as a result of cost overruns, completion delays, emerging new technologies, and the expense of fighting theVietnam War. SLC-6 remained closed for the next decade.[3]
In 1972, Vandenberg was selected as the West CoastSpace Shuttle launch and landing site, but it was never used as such.
Space Launch Complex-6 (SLC-6, pronounced as "Slick Six"), originally built for the abandonedManned Orbital Laboratory project, was extensively modified for shuttle operations. Over US$4 billion was spent on the modifications to the complex and construction of associated infrastructure. The original Mobile Service Tower (MST) was lowered in height and two new flame ducts were added for the shuttle's solid rocket boosters. Additional modifications or improvements, includedliquid hydrogen andliquid oxygen storage tanks, a payload preparation room, payload changeout room, a new launch tower with escape system for the shuttle crewmembers, sound suppression system and water reclamation area and a Shuttle Assembly Building were added to the original complex.
The existing 8,500-foot (2,590 m) runway and overruns on the North Base flightline were lengthened to 15,000 feet (4,580 m) to accommodate end-of-mission landings, along with construction of thePrecision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights/large triangle arrows at both ends of the runway. Turn-around servicing and refurbishing of theSpace Shuttle orbiter would be accomplished in the adjacent Orbiter Maintenance and Checkout Facility (OMCF). The Mate-Demate Facility, to load and unload the Orbiter from theBoeing 747Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA), was changed from the large structure found at Dryden Flight Research Center and Kennedy Space Center, to a transportable "erector set-like" Orbiter Lifting Frame (OLF). This facility design change was due to the possibility of needing to support a landing at a location where there was no facility to load the Orbiter onto the SCA. The OLF could be disassembled, loaded onto two C-5 aircraft, shipped to the overseas Orbiter landing site, and reassembled to load the Orbiter onto the Boeing 747. To transport the Orbiter from the OMCF (on North Vandenberg AFB) to SLC-6, the 22 mi (35 km) route was upgraded to accommodate a 76-wheeled vehicle, built by Commetto inItaly specifically to carry the Orbiter on its large flat deck utilizing the three external tank interface points, versus towing the Orbiter on its landing gear that long distance.
Modification of SLC-6 to support polar missions had been problematic and expensive.[citation needed] SLC-6 was still being prepared for its first Shuttle launch, missionSTS-62-A targeted for 15 October 1986, when theChallenger disaster grounded the Shuttle fleet and set in motion a chain of events that finally led to the decision to cancel all west coast shuttle launches. The orbiter transporter was sent toKennedy Space Center in Florida after the Vandenberg AFB launch site was abandoned and was used to transport the Orbiter from the Orbiter Processing Facility to the Vehicle Assembly Building.
Persistent site technical problems and a joint decision by the Air Force andNASA to consolidate Shuttle operations at the Kennedy Space Center, following the Challenger disaster in 1986, resulted in the official termination of the Shuttle program at Vandenberg on 26 December 1989.
Had the space shuttle program been successful atSLC-6, the West Coast operation would have contrasted with that at the Kennedy Space Center by creating the orbiter stack directly on the launch pad, rather than assembling it and then moving it. Three movable buildings on rails, the Launch Tower, Mobile Service Building and Payload Changeout Room were used to assemble the Shuttle orbiter, external tank and SRBs. These buildings were designed to protect the shuttle "stack" from high winds in the area and were used during a series of "fit tests" utilizing the space shuttleEnterprise in 1985.
After the end of the shuttle program at Vandenberg in 1989, SLC-6 was reconfigured in 1999 to support polar-orbit satellite launches by the newDelta IV family of launch vehicles, utilizing a Common Core Booster for all its class sizes including theDelta IV (Heavy) launcher. After the reconfiguration, the 132 acres (53 ha) launch site included structures similar to those at the Delta IV launch site atCape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37 (SLC-37B) in Florida, with a Fixed Umbilical Tower, Mobile Service Tower, Fixed Pad Erector, Launch Control Center and Operations Building, and aHorizontal Integration Facility. SLC-6 also featured a Mobile Assembly Shelter that protects the rocket from adverse weather.
The first of the Delta IV launch vehicles to fly from SLC-6 successfully lifted off at 20:33 PDT on 27 June 2006 when a Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) rocket lofted NROL-22, a classified satellite for theNational Reconnaissance Office, into orbit. The payload was successfully deployed approximately 54 minutes later.[15] ten Delta IVs were launched from SLC-6, with the last launching in 2022 before the site was relinquished to SpaceX.
TheAtlas V was developed byLockheed Martin as part of the United States Air Force (USAF)Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program. The Atlas V launches fromSpace Launch Complex-3E (SLC-3E). Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services markets the Atlas V to government and commercial customers worldwide.[16]
The first Atlas V launch vehicle to fly from SLC-3E was launched on 19 March 2008 for theNational Reconnaissance Office (NRO).[17]
All Atlas V launches from Vandenberg have been successful.
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SpaceX briefly used SLC-3W during the early development of theFalcon 1 launch vehicle,[18][19] and later moved operations toSpace Launch Complex 4-East (SLC-4E).SpaceX refurbished SLC-4E forFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy launches,[20] in a 24-month process that began in early 2011.[21] The draftenvironmental impact assessment with a finding of "no significant impact" was published in February 2011.[21] Demolition began on the pad's fixed and mobile service towers in summer 2011.[22]
By late 2012, SpaceX continued to anticipate that the initial launch from the Vandenberg pad would be in 2013, but would be a Falcon 9 launch—actually a heavily modified and much largerFalcon 9 v1.1.[23] As the pad was nearing completion in February 2013, the first Falcon 9 launch was scheduled for summer 2013[24] and was finally launched on 29 September 2013. This was themaiden flight of the Falcon 9 v1.1 evolution, carrying Canada'sCASSIOPE satellite.[25] In October 2018, SpaceX landed a Falcon 9 booster on aVandenberg ground pad for the first time.[26]
In April 2023, SpaceX leased SLC-6 to begin converting it forFalcon 9 andFalcon Heavy launches after the last Delta IV launch there.[27] SpaceX expects to begin Falcon 9 launches from SLC-6 in 2025 and Falcon Heavy launches in 2026.[28]
TheBoeing X-37B, a reusable uncrewed spacecraft operated by theSpace Force, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), has landed at Vandenberg in the past.[29] On 3 December 2010, the X-37Bspaceplane successfully landed at the base after 224 days in space thus performing the first autonomous orbital landing onto a runway conducted by a U.S. spacecraft. Since then, the X-37B has successfully landed on the 15,000-foot runway at Vandenberg two more times, on 16 June 2012 after 468 days in orbit and again on 14 October 2014 after 674 days in orbit. All of the X-37B missions thus far have been launched fromFlorida, the first four using expendableAtlas V rockets fromCape Canaveral Space Force Station and the fifth on a reusableSpaceXFalcon 9 fromKennedy Space Center.
On 14 May 2021, the base was renamedVandenberg Space Force Base, in keeping with the expansion and standing up of the Space Force.[33]
As of March 2025, the Space Force has activated the Site Activation Task Force (SATAF) Detachment to modernize the nation's nuclear defence capabilities, preparing to replace the Minuteman III ICBM fleet with the newly developed LGM-35A Sentinel.[34]
The host unit at Vandenberg SFB is theSpace Launch Delta 30 (SLD 30). The unit oversees theWestern Range, a vast testing area stretching from Vandenberg's coast westward to the Western Pacific, including sites inHawaii. This range facilitates Department of Defense space and missile testing, including launches that place satellites into near-polar orbits. Their operations involve collaboration with a multitude of federal agencies and commercial partners.
SLD 30 is organized into operations, mission support and medical groups, along with several directly assigned staff agencies:
TheSpace and Missile Heritage Center is located at Space Launch Complex 10, site of the firstIRBM tests of theThor and Discoverer (akaCORONA)spy satellite series of launches.[35][failed verification] It is Vandenberg's only National Historic Landmark that is open for regularly scheduled tours through the 30th Space Wing's Public Affairs office.The Center preserves and displays artifacts and memorabilia to interpret the evolution of missile and spacelift activity at Vandenberg from the beginning of theCold War through current non-classified developments in military, commercial, and scientific space endeavors.
The current display area is made up of two exhibits, the "Chronology of the Cold War" and the "Evolution of Technology". The exhibits incorporate a combination of launch complex models, launch consoles, rocket engines, re-entry vehicles, audiovisual and computer displays as well as hands-on interaction where appropriate. There are plans to evolve the center in stages from the current exhibit areas as restorations of additional facilities are completed.
Notable units based at Vandenberg Space Force Base.[36] Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Vandenberg, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.
United States Space Force[edit]Space Systems Command (SSC)
Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM)
Space Operations Command (SpOC)
| United States Air Force[edit]Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC) Air National Guard[edit]
Department of Defense[edit]
|
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Much of the base is rugged, mountainous, and undeveloped; predominant groundcover includeschaparral withcoastal sage scrub andoak woodland. Because of its protected nature—none of the backcountry areas are open to the public or to any kind of development—the base contains some of the highest quality coastal habitat remaining in southern or central California. It is home to numerous threatened or endangered species, includingGambel's watercress (Nasturtium gambellii).[37] The western terminus of theSanta Ynez Mountains is on the base, and is dominated by Tranquillion Peak, which rises 2,297 ft (700 m) above sea level. An optical tracking station is located at the top of the peak, which overlooks the various space launch complexes. The AmtrakCoast Starlight andPacific Surfliner trains travel along the coast, providing a splendid view and one of the few ways for the public to see these remote areas. Conversely,State Route 1, California's Pacific Coast Highway, avoids these coastal protected areas and instead turns inland to serve the base's eastern side.The Breeze Bus provides service between the base,Santa Maria, andLompoc.
Surf Beach is open to the public, while Wall and Minuteman beaches are restricted to those with regular access to the base. Sections of these three beaches are closed between 1 March and 30 September every year during the nesting season of theWestern Snowy Plover.[38] The closures are in place to protect the bird under theEndangered Species Act. If a set number of trespass violations have been reached during any nesting season (50 for Surf, 10 for Wall, 10 for Minuteman), the beach is closed entirely.[39]
Surf Beach is adjacent to theSurf Amtrak station, just south of Ocean Beach Park, run by theSanta Barbara County Parks Division.[40] On 22 October 2010, 19-year-old Lucas Ransom, aUniversity of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) student, was killed by a great white shark near Surf Beach.[41] On 23 October 2012, 38-year-old Francisco Javier Solorio Jr. was killed by a shark near Ocean Beach.[42]
Snowy plovers nest on the beach.[43]
Vandenberg Space Force Base | |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Santa Barbara |
| Elevation | 505 ft (154 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 3,559 |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| GNIS feature ID | 2409501 |
| U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Vandenberg Space Force Base | |
TheUnited States Census Bureau has designated Vandenberg Space Force Base as a separatecensus-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, covering the base's residential population. Per the2020 census, the population was 3,559.[45] The CDP was formerly known as Vandenberg Air Force Base, reflecting the base's former name.
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 13,193 | — | |
| 1980 | 8,136 | −38.3% | |
| 1990 | 9,846 | 21.0% | |
| 2000 | 6,151 | −37.5% | |
| 2010 | 3,338 | −45.7% | |
| 2020 | 3,559 | 6.6% | |
| U.S. Decennial Census[46] 1850–1870[47][48] 1880-1890[49] 1900[50] 1910[51] 1920[52] 1930[53] 1940[54] 1950[55] 1960[56] 1970[57] 1980[58] 1990[59]2000[60] 2010[61] 2020[62] | |||
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2000[63] | Pop 2010[64] | Pop 2020[62] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White alone | 4,198 | 2,005 | 1,851 | 68.25% | 60.07% | 52.01% |
| Black or African American alone | 686 | 285 | 314 | 11.15% | 8.54% | 8.82% |
| Native American orAlaska Native alone | 25 | 8 | 14 | 0.41% | 0.24% | 0.39% |
| Asian alone | 233 | 197 | 215 | 3.79% | 5.90% | 6.04% |
| Pacific Islander alone | 40 | 20 | 36 | 0.65% | 0.60% | 1.01% |
| Other Race alone | 23 | 9 | 20 | 0.37% | 0.27% | 0.56% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial | 263 | 198 | 309 | 4.28% | 5.93% | 8.68% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 683 | 616 | 800 | 11.10% | 18.45% | 22.48% |
| Total | 6,151 | 3,338 | 3,559 | 100% | 100% | 100% |
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Airport Diagram – Vandenberg AFB (KVBG)"(PDF). FAA. 10 October 2019. Retrieved2 November 2019. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Vandenberg AFB history office fact sheet". Vandenberg.af.mil. Archived fromthe original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved31 March 2013. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Camp Cooke by Jeffrey Geiger Chief, Office of History, 30th Space Wing". Militarymuseum.org. 1 February 1953. Archived fromthe original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved31 March 2013. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Fact Sheet Display".af.mil. Retrieved10 August 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain:"Vandenberg Beaches to close for Annual Snowy Plover Nesting Season". Vandenberg Air Force Base. 1 March 2012. Archived fromthe original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved23 October 2012. This article incorporatespublic domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency This article incorporatespublic domain material fromVandenberg Space Force Base.United States Air Force.
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